scholarly journals Effect of Chromium(VI) Toxicity on Enzymes of Nitrogen Metabolism in Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punesh Sangwan ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
U. N. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Low Concentrations

Heavy metals are the intrinsic component of the environment with both essential and nonessential types. Their excessive levels pose a threat to plant growth and yield. Also, some heavy metals are toxic to plants even at very low concentrations. The present investigation (a pot experiment) was conducted to determine the affects of varying chromium(VI) levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg chromium(VI) kg−1 soil in the form of potassium dichromate) on the key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in clusterbean. Chromium treatment adversely affect nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase in various plant organs at different growth stages as specific enzyme activity of these enzymes decreased with an increase in chromium(VI) levels from 0 to 2.0 mg chromium(VI) kg−1 soil and 4.0 mg chromium(VI) kg−1 soil was found to be lethal to clusterbean plants. In general, the enzyme activity increased with advancement of growth to reach maximum at flowering stage and thereafter decreased at grain filling stage.

scholarly journals Growth stage sensitivity of wheat to irrigation water salinity

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Mojid ◽  
MS Mia ◽  
AK Saha ◽  
SS Tabriz
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Irrigation Water Salinity

The effects of irrigation water salinity (12 dS m?1), imposed at maximum tillering (35?40 days after sowing, DAS) or booting (50?60 DAS) or grain filling (75?85 DAS) stage of wheat, on growth and yield of the crop was demonstrated. The experiment comprised four treatments – I1: irrigation by fresh water (FW) at all three growth stages (control), I2: irrigation by saline water (SW) at maximum tillering stage and by FW at other stages, I3: irrigation by SW at booting stage and by FW at other stages, and I4: irrigation by SW at grain filling stage and by FW at other stages. The experiment was set in a randomized complete block with three replications. Wheat was grown under three irrigations (each of 3 cm) and recommended fertilizer doses (120 kg N, 32 kg P, 62 kg K, 20 kg S, 3 kg Zn and 1 kg B ha?1). Salinity of irrigation water imposed, separately, at the three growth stages did not impart significant (p = 0.05) negative influence on plant height, spike density, spike length, spikelets and grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. It, however, significantly hindered leaf area index (LAI), above ground dry matter (ADM), grain and straw yields, grain-straw ratio and water productivity of the crop. The least grain (3.622 t ha?1) and straw (5.772 t ha?1) yields, LAI (1.24 and 2.18 at 50 and 70 DAS, respectively), ADM (0.80, 4.78 and 7.66 t ha?1) and water productivity (186.5 and 297.3 kg ha?1 cm?1) obtained under I3 implied that salinity of irrigation water imposed at booting stage exerted the maximum retarding effects on the growth and yield of wheat. Grain yield decreased by 13.4% in I3 over the control, I1. An increase in grain and biomass yields by 14.3 and 11.9%, respectively under I2 over I1 demonstrated a positive contribution of irrigation water salinity imposed at maximum tillering stage of wheat. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18226 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 11(1): 147-152, 2013

scholarly journals The effects of the tylosin and Cd on soil enzyme activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 01032
Author(s):  
Zhaohong Meng ◽  
Shuman Wang ◽  
Jia Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Enzyme Activity ◽  
Germination Index ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Microbial Environment

Soil microbial environment have been affected by different concentration heavy metals Cd (HM) and tylosin (TYL) and combination of TYL and HM interactions. Degradation of TYL was caused certain inhibition due to the addition of HM. The germination index of seed had been inhibited owing to the toxic effects of HM and TYL, but we found that the low concentrations of HM (4 mg/kg), the germination index higher than the soil which unadded HM and TYL in it. The soil enzyme activity was significantly suppressed by the addition of HM and TYL. Actinomycete was inhibited by high concentrations of HM for a long time. The studies demonstrated that the pollution of the soil micro-environment has been serious than only add HM or TYL in the soil.

scholarly journals Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity following intraperitoneal administrations of hexavalent chromium to pregnant rats

Zygote ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neila Marouani ◽  
Olfa Tebourbi ◽  
Moncef Mokni ◽  
Mohamed Tahar Yacoubi ◽  
Mohsen Sakly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Skeletal Development ◽  
Morphological Alteration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Facial Defect ◽  
Decidual Cells

SummaryHeavy metals are omnipresent in the environment, and industrial use has greatly increased their presence in soil, water and air. Their inevitable transfer to the human food chain remains an important environmental issue as many heavy metals cause a range of toxic effects, including developmental toxicity. Administration of chromium VI (1 and 2 mg/kg as potassium dichromate) through intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection during organogenesis (days 6 to 15 of gestation) in rats revealed embryo- and fetotoxic effects. Reduced fetal weight, retarded fetal development, number of fetuses per mother and high incidences of dead fetuses and resorptions in treated mothers were also observed. Gross morphological abnormalities, such as displayed form of edema, facial defect, lack of tail, hypotrophy, severs subdermal haemorrhage patches and hypotrophy of placenta were observed in fetuses after chromium VI-treated mothers. A skeletal development of fetuses presented an incomplete ossification in nasal, cranium, abdominal or caudal bones in rats treated with 1 mg/kg of chromium, whereas rats treated with 2 mg/kg showed ossification and absence of the sacral vertebrae compared with the control. At a higher dose of chromium, histological changes were found in fetuses with atrophy of theirs vital organs. Placental histological observations revealed a pronounced morphological alteration, with atrophy of decidual cells, a degenerated of chorionic villi and hypertrophy of blood lacuna. The present study suggests a risk to the developing embryo when the mother is exposed to a high concentration of chromium VI during organogenesis.

scholarly journals The Geomicrobiology of Chromium (VI) Pollution: Microbial Diversity and its Bioremediation Potential

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Al-Battashi ◽  
Sanket J. Joshi ◽  
Bernhard Pracejus ◽  
Aliya Al-Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Chromium Vi ◽  
Microbial Utilization ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Low Concentrations

The role and significance of microorganisms in environmental recycling activities marks geomicrobiology one of the essential branches within the environmental biotechnology field. Naturally occurring microbes also play geo-active roles in rocks, leading to biomineralization or biomobilization of minerals and metals. Heavy metals, such as chromium (Cr), are essential micronutrients at very low concentrations, but are very toxic at higher concentrations. Generally, heavy metals are leached to the environment through natural processes or anthropogenic activities such as industrial processes, leading to pollution with serious consequences. The presence of potentially toxic heavy metals, including Cr, in soils does not necessarily result in toxicity because not all forms of metals are toxic. Microbial interaction with Cr by different mechanisms leads to its oxidation or reduction, where its toxicity could be increased or decreased. Chromite contains both Cr(III) and Fe(II) and microbial utilization of Fe(II)- Fe(III) conversion or Cr (III) - Cr (VI) could lead to the break-down of this mineral. Therefore, the extraction of chromium from its mineral as Cr (III) form increases the possibility of its oxidation and conversion to the more toxic form (Cr (VI)), either biologically or geochemically. Cr (VI) is quite toxic to plants, animals and microbes, thus its levels in the environment need to be studied and controlled properly. Several bacterial and fungal isolates showed high tolerance and resistance to toxic Cr species and they also demonstrated transformation to less toxic form Cr (III), and precipitation. The current review highlights toxicity issues associated with Cr species and environmental friendly bioremediation mediated by microorganisms.

scholarly journals Індикаторна роль ферментів нітратного обміну в умовах екологічних змін стану навколишнього середовища

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 483-486
Author(s):  
O.M. Vasilyuk ◽  
A.Y. Pakhomov
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
European Mole ◽  
Glechoma Hederacea ◽  
Metal Effect

<p>The paper reflects analyzes of <em>Cd</em> impact on the total activity (nM pyruvic acid/ml s) of aspartate aminotransferase<em> </em>(AST, EC 2.6.1.1) nitrogen metabolism in <em>Glechoma hederacea</em> L. leaves subject (as model) which dominated in the research area (in natural floodplain oak with <em>Stellaria holostea</em> L.) in conditions of <em>Cd</em> pollution (as anthropogenic press) and digging activity by Mammalia (as biotic action, with <em>Talpa europaea </em>L., European mole, as model),) and their combine action. The <em>Cd </em>was introduced in the form of salts <em>Cd(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></em> in the concentrations: 0.25, 1.25 and 2,5 g/m2, equivalent to the inclusion of <em>Cd</em> in 1,5 and 10 doses of MAC<strong> </strong>on experimental sites. When adding <em>Cd</em>, the content of doses (5 mg/kg soil MAC of <em>Cd</em>) was taken into account. It was founded the increasing of the AST activity on 26% (with adding the <em>Cd</em> salts at a dose of 1 МAС and digging activity by <em>Talpa</em><em> </em><em>europaea</em><em> </em>L) according to control (1 MAC <em>Cd</em>), witch it proved the non-specific reaction on stress. With <em>Cd</em> concentration 5 and 10 MAC we observed the repression of the enzymes activity according to controls (5 and 10 MAC <em>Cd</em>) on 10% and 50% in accordance. The protective properties by <em>T.</em><em> </em><em>europaea</em><em> </em>L. hadn’t positive results. The transferase enzyme activity according to another control (the area, is without pollution of <em>Cd</em> and digging activity by <em>T.</em><em> </em><em>europaea</em><em> </em>L.) reflected the increasing AST enzyme activity from 166% tо 218% (in presence 1 and 5 MAC<em> Cd</em>) and reduction around 46% (in presence 10 MAC<em> Cd</em>). The digging activity by <em>T.</em><em> </em><em>europaea</em><em> </em>L. lowered the toxic metal effect and the normalisation of the nitrogen metabolism by increasing the activity of AST from 55% to 266%, from 318% to 291% (AST, 1 та 5 MAC<em> Cd</em>). The digging activity by Mammalia did not contribute the metal toxic effect under the <em>Cd</em> 10 MAC. Thus, using the different representatives of zoocoenosis promotes improvement in the Steppe Dnieper at low concentrations of the factor has been revealed.</p>

Effects of heavy metals on soil invertase enzyme activity in different soil types

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Rajesh K. Verma ◽  
Dharam Veer Yadav ◽  
Chandra Pal Singh ◽  
Archna Suman ◽  
Asha Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Soil Types

scholarly journals Quantitative Response of Maize Vcmax25 to Persistent Drought Stress at Different Growth Stages

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1971
Author(s):  
Xingyang Song ◽  
Guangsheng Zhou ◽  
Qijin He ◽  
Huailin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Persistent Drought ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Drought stress has adverse effects on crop growth and yield, and its identification and monitoring play vital roles in precision crop water management. Accurately evaluating the effect of drought stress on crop photosynthetic capacity can provide a basis for decisions related to crop drought stress identification and monitoring as well as drought stress resistance and avoidance. In this study, the effects of different degrees of persistent drought in different growth stages (3rd leaf stage, 7th leaf stage and jointing stage) on the maximum carboxylation rate at a reference temperature of 25 °C (Vcmax25) of the first fully expanded leaf and its relationship to the leaf water content (LWC) were studied in a field experiment from 2013 to 2015. The results indicated that the LWC decreased continuously as drought stress continued and that the LWC decreased faster in the treatment with more irrigation. Vcmax25 showed a decreasing trend as the drought progressed but had no clear relationship to the growth stage in which the persistent drought occurred. Vcmax25 showed a significantly parabolic relationship (R2 = 0.701, p < 0.001) with the LWC, but the different degrees of persistent drought stress occurring in different growth stages had no distinct effect on the LWC values when Vcmax25 reached its maximum value or zero. The findings of this study also suggested that the LWC was 82.5 ± 0.5% when Vcmax25 reached its maximum value (42.6 ± 3.6 μmol m−2 s−1) and 67.6 ± 1.2% (extreme drought) when Vcmax25 reached zero. These findings will help to improve crop drought management and will be an important reference for crop drought identification, classification and monitoring as well as for the development of drought monitoring and early warning systems for other crops or maize varieties.

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