scholarly journals Mucin Reactivity after Acute Exposure to Mercury and Zinc Chloride in Neurocytes of Freshwater Snail Bellamya bengalensis: A Histochemical Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sunil Londhe ◽  
Nitin Kamble
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Cerebral Neurons ◽  
Scanty Information ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath ◽  
Bellamya Bengalensis

Central nervous system (CNS) of gastropods is extensively studied for its pathology and immunocytology; there is scanty information on histochemical alterations in neuronal cells due to heavy metal. This study was designed to investigate histochemical alterations in cerebral neurons of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis after intoxication with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). As per chemical components cerebral ganglia of Bellamya bengalensis showed three different zones, namely, periganglionic connective tissue sheath, interperikaryonal space, and neuropil. After intoxication, increased acidic content in extracellular matrix (ECM) of neuronal cells was found. These alterations were directly proportional to time of exposure period. From results, HgCl2 proved its highly toxic nature over chemical composition of cerebral neuronal cells of freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis compared to ZnCl2 intoxication.

The Connective Tissue Sheath of the Locust Nervous System: A Histochemical Study

1959 ◽  
Vol s3-100 (51) ◽  
pp. 401-412
Author(s):  
DOREEN E. ASHHURST
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
System A ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath ◽  
Cellular Layer ◽  
Sheath Cells

The connective tissue sheath surrounding the nervous system of Locusta migratoria has been studied histochemically. It consists of an outer non-cellular layer, the neural lamella, and an inner layer of cells, the sheath-cells. The neural lamella has been identified as being composed of a collagen-type protein and neutral mucopolysaccharide on the evidence of its histochemical reactions and the identification of hydroxyproline by paper chromatography in a hydrolysate of the neural lamella. The sheath-cells possess large numbers of lipochondria composed of phospholipids and cerebrosides, and small spherical mitochondria. The cytoplasm also contains lipids (some of which may be cerebrosides), glycogen, and RNA.

scholarly journals Trematode cercariae infections in freshwater snails of Chitwan district, central Nepal

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Devkota ◽  
Prem Bahadur Budha ◽  
Ranjana Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Temporary Ponds ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Double Infection ◽  
Melanoides Tuberculata ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Pila Globosa ◽  
Indoplanorbis Exustus ◽  
Bellamya Bengalensis

Because Nepal has been virtually unexplored with respect to its trematode fauna, we sampled freshwater snails from grazing swamps, lakes, rivers, swamp forests, and temporary ponds in the Chitwan district of central Nepal between July and October 2008. Altogether we screened 1,448 individuals of nine freshwater snail species (Bellamya bengalensis, Gabbia orcula, Gyraulus euphraticus, Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea luteola, Melanoides tuberculata, Pila globosa, Thiara granifera and Thiara lineata) for shedding cercariae. A total of 4.3% (N=62) infected snails were found, distributed among the snail species as follows (B. bengalensis - 1, G. orcula - 11, G. euphraticus - 8, I. exustus - 39, L. luteola - 2 and T. granifera - 1). Collectively, six morphologically distinguishable types of trematode cercariae were found: amphistomes, brevifurcate-apharyngeate (likely mammalian schistosomes), clinostome, gymnocephalus (likely fasciolid), longifurcate-pharyngeate and xiphidiocercaria. I. exustus had the highest prevalence of trematode infection, and harbored all the noted cercarial types except gymnocephalus cercariae. One double infection (xiphidiocercaria and longifurcate-pharyngeate cercaria) was found in this snail. Amphistome cercariae were common in G. euphraticus, G. orcula, and I. exustus. The highest prevalence of infection (38.3%) was recorded among snails collected from temporary ponds.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v7i9.2183 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.7 Issue 9 2011 pp.9-14

scholarly journals Boric acid toxicity in some selected molluscan species

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaikwad J.S ◽  
Gaikwad S.S ◽  
Kamble N.A
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Acid Toxicity ◽  
Molluscan Species ◽  
Bellamya Bengalensis

: Survivability of animals is correlated with their fecundity and fertility success. Widespread use of enormous organic and inorganic ingredients as pesticides, molluscicides and insecticides contaminate ecosystems leading to hazardous effects on the life cycle of animals, their biological processes and reproduction. Present work aimed for toxicity assessment of boric acid against some selected molluscan species through evaluation of their mortality by determination of LC50. For toxicity assessment three different molluscan species were used. By applying standard procedure, LC50 was estimated at different concentrations of boric acid for different exposure periods. This study indicated that freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis was more sensitive for boric acid, whereas slug, Semperula maculate was least sensitive against boric acid after different period of exposure.

A Histochemical Study of the Connective-Tissue Sheath of the Nervous System of Periplaneta americana

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (60) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
DOREEN E. ASHHURST
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Type Protein ◽  
Connective Tissue Sheath ◽  
Sheath Cells

The connective-tissue sheath surrounding the nervous system of Periplaneta americana consists of two layers, the neural lamella and the sheath cells beneath it. The neural lamella is composed of a collagen-type protein and neutral muco-polysaccharide. The sheath cells possess numerous lipochondria and mitochondria; the former consist of phospholipid and some cerebroside. The cytoplasm of the sheath cells contains some RNA, glycogen, and lipid.

Protection against Mitochondrial Oxidative-Stress by Flesh-Extract of Edible Freshwater Snail Bellamya bengalensis Prevents Arsenic Induced DNA and Tissue Damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 1266-1273
Author(s):  
Sk. Sajed Ali ◽  
Nandita Medda ◽  
Sangita M. Dutta ◽  
Ritesh Patra ◽  
Smarajit Maiti
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Arsenic Toxicity ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Bellamya Bengalensis

Aims: Arsenic has carcinogenic properties because of the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS damages different macromolecules, tissues and organs, and severely exhausts cellular antioxidants. Background: Cytosolic and mitochondrial contribution of ROS production by arsenic are not well reported. In regard to the issues of therapy against arsenic or any other toxicity, natural product has gained its popularity due to its less side-effects and non-invasive nature. Objectives: Here, as an ethnomedicine, the flesh-extract (BBE; 100mg/100g bw) of Bellamya bengalensis (an aquatic mollusk) was applied in arsenic intoxicated (0.6 ppm/100g bw/for 28 days alone or in combination with BBE) experimental rats. Our objective was to study the anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic role of BBE in hepato-gastrointestinal tissue damage by arsenic. Methods: DNA fragmentation assay, catalase activity (gel-zymogram assay) suggests that BBE has a strong protective role against arsenic toxicity, which is decisively demonstrated in hepatic histoarchitecture study by HE (hematoxylin and eosin) staining and by intestinal PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) staining. Results: Measurement of mitochondrial-membrane-potential by fluorescent microcopy clearly demonstrated less membrane damage and lower release of the redox-active inner-membrane product (cytochrome-C, ubiquinone, etc.) in BBE supplemented group compared to that of the only arsenic fed group. The present study clearly suggests that mitochondrial disintegrity is one of the major causes of ROS mediated tissue damage by arsenic. Conclusions: This study also offers an option for prevention/treatment against arsenic toxicity and its carcinogenicity by widely available low-cost, non-invasive Bellamya extract by protecting cytoskeleton, DNA and mitochondria in the cell.

scholarly journals Prolonged activation of cytomegalovirus early gene e1-promoter exclusively in neurons during infection of the developing cerebrum

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isao Kosugi ◽  
Yoshifumi Arai ◽  
Satoshi Baba ◽  
Hideya Kawasaki ◽  
Toshihide Iwashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Lytic Infection ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Neuronal Cultures ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Mcmv Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
Cerebral Neurons

AbstractThe brain is the major target of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. It is possible that neuron disorder in the developing brain is a critical factor in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases in later life. Previous studies using mouse model of murine CMV (MCMV) infection demonstrated that the viral early antigen (E1 as a product of e1 gene) persists in the postnatal neurons of the hippocampus (HP) and cerebral cortex (CX) after the disappearance of lytic infection from non-neuronal cells in the periventricular (PV) region. Furthermore, neuron-specific activation of the MCMV-e1-promoter (e1-pro) was found in the cerebrum of transgenic mice carrying the e1-pro-lacZ reporter construct. In this study, in order to elucidate the mechanisms of e1-pro activation in cerebral neurons during actual MCMV infection, we have generated the recombinant MCMV (rMCMV) carrying long e1-pro1373- or short e1-pro448-EGFP reporter constructs. The length of the former, 1373 nucleotides (nt), is similar to that of transgenic mice. rMCMVs and wild type MCMV did not significantly differed in terms of viral replication or E1 expression. rMCMV-infected mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed lytic infection and activation of both promoters, while virus-infected cerebral neurons in primary neuronal cultures demonstrated the non-lytic and persistent infection as well as the activation of e1-pro-1373, but not -448. In the rMCMV-infected postnatal cerebrum, lytic infection and the activation of both promoters were found in non-neuronal cells of the PV region until postnatal 8 days (P8), but these disappeared at P12, while the activation of e1-pro-1373, but not -448 appeared in HP and CX neurons at P8 and were prolonged exclusively in these neurons at P12, with preservation of the neuronal morphology. Therefore, e1-pro-448 is sufficient to activate E1 expression in non-neuronal cells, however, the upstream sequence from nt -449 to -1373 in e1-pro-1373 is supposed to work as an enhancer necessary for the neuron-specific activation of e1-pro, particularly around the second postnatal week. This unique activation of e1-pro in developing cerebral neurons may be an important factor in the neurodevelopmental disorders induced by congenital CMV infection.

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