scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Prostitution on HIV/AIDS Transmission

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Bhunu ◽  
A. N. Mhlanga ◽  
S. Mushayabasa
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Condom Use ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Safe Sex ◽  
Therapy Regimen ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS has been somehow linked to prostitution for decades now. A mathematical model is presented to assess the link between prostitution and HIV transmission. The epidemic thresholds known as the reproduction numbers and equilibria for the model are determined and stabilities analyzed. Analysis of the reproduction numbers suggests that HIV/AIDS control using antiretroviral therapy is more effective in the absence of prostitution. Numerical simulations further show high levels of HIV/AIDS when percentage of prostitutes in the community is high. Results from this study suggest that effectively controlling HIV/AIDS requires strategies that address both prostitution and HIV/AIDS transmission. Addressing HIV/AIDS through condom use and antiretroviral therapy may not be enough to stem HIV/AIDS in the community as some drug/alcohol misusing prostitutes may not be able to negotiate for safe sex while they are in drunken stupor. Furthermore, prostitutes are likely to get infected by different HIV strains some of which may be resistant to the antiretroviral therapy regimen in use.

scholarly journals Analysis of HIV Transmission of Commercial Sex Wokers and Their Clients with Condom Use Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 05003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutimin ◽  
Siti Khabibah ◽  
Dita Anies Munawwaroh ◽  
R. Heri Soelistyo U
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Global Stability ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Equilibrium States ◽  
Endemic Equilibrium ◽  
Reproduction Ratio ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

A model of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among sex workers and their clients is discussed to study the effects of condom use in the prevention of HIV transmission. The model is addressed to determine the existence of equilibrium states, and then analyze the global stability of disease free and endemic equilibrium states. The global stability of equilibria depends on the vales of the basic reproduction ratio derived from the next generation matrix of the model. The endemic equilibrium state is globally stable when the ratio exceeds unity. The simulation results are presented to discuss the effect of condom use treatment in preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS among sex workers and their clients. The results show that the effectiveness level in using condoms in sexual intercourse corresponds to the decreasing level of the spread of HIV/AIDS. We use Maple and Matlab software to simulate the impact of condom use.

Assessing antiretroviral therapy success in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality trends in Brazil, 1990–2017: an interrupted time series study

2020 ◽  
pp. 095646242095298
Author(s):  
Augusto Cesar Lara de Sousa ◽  
Tatiana de Araujo Eleuterio ◽  
José Victor Afonso Coutinho ◽  
Raphael Mendonça Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

To describe the trends of HIV/AIDS metrics related to the burden of disease for Brazil between 1990 and 2017 we conducted a timeseries analysis for HIV/AIDS indicators by extracting data from the Global Burden of Disease study. We calculated traditional prevalence, incidence and mortality rates, the number of years lost by HIV-related deaths (YLL) and disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). We estimated time series models and assessed the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the same indicators. In the set of disability-adjusted life years (DALY), the highest weight of its magnitude was due to YLL. There was a decline, especially after 1996, of DALY, mortality and YLL for HIV/AIDS. However, YLD, incidence, and prevalence increased over the same period. Also, the analysis of interrupted time series showed that the introduction of HAART into health policy had a significant impact on indicators, especially for DALY and YLL. We need to assess the quality of life of people living with HIV, especially among older adults. In addition, we need to focus on primary prevention, emphasizing methods to avoid infection and public policies should reflect this.

Patterns of Caribbean Masculinities and Condom Compliance Among Males in Grenada

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Hegamin-Younger ◽  
Rohan Jeremiah ◽  
Nicole Bilbro
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Safe Sex ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Island States ◽  
Hiv Aids

The construction of Caribbean male identities based on ideas of masculinity has raised widespread concerns across the island states, and in a region with such high rates of teenage pregnancy (18%), stigmatizing safe sex, contraception, and HIV/AIDS prevalence can only exacerbate the problem. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which males use condoms and to explore the association of condom use with their concern with acquiring and transmission of sexually transmitted infections.

Assessing the impact of agrochemicals on schistosomiasis transmission: A mathematical study

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150049
Author(s):  
Liming Cai ◽  
Peixia Yue ◽  
Mini Ghosh ◽  
Xuezhi Li
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Agricultural Pollution ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Mathematical Study ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Existence And Stability ◽  
The Impact

Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne parasitic disease, which is affecting almost 240 million people worldwide. The number of humans affected by schistosomiasis is continuously increasing with the rise in the use of agrochemicals. In this paper, a mathematical model is formulated and analyzed to assess the effect of agrochemicals on the transmission of schistosomiasis. The proposed model incorporates the effects of fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides on susceptible snails and snail predators along with schistosomiasis disease transmission. The existence and stability of the equilibria in the model are discussed. Sensitivity analysis is performed to identify the key parameters of the proposed model, which contributes most in the transmission of this disease. Numerical simulations are also performed to assess the impact of fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides on schistosomiasis outbreaks. Our study reveals that the agricultural pollution can enhance the transmission intensity of schistosomiasis, and in order to prevent the outbreak of schistosomiasis, the use of pesticides should be controlled.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Analysis of the Dynamics of Criminality and Victimisation: A Mathematical Model with Case Generation and Forwarding

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Chikodili Helen Ugwuishiwu ◽  
D. S. Sarki ◽  
G. C. E. Mbah
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Nonlinear Analysis ◽  
Deterministic Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Dynamical Analysis ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a system of deterministic model is presented for the dynamical analysis of the interactional consequence of criminals and criminality on victimisation under two distinguishable forms of rehabilitation—the behavioural reformation of criminals and the emotional psychotherapy of victims. A threshold value, R0=maxRK,RV, responsible for the persistence of crime/criminality and victimisation, is obtained and, using it, stability analyses on the model performed. The impact of an effective implementation of the two forms of rehabilitation was found to be substantial on crime and criminality, while an ineffective implementation of same was observed to have a detrimental consequence. The prevention of repeat victimisation was seen to present a more viable option for containing crime than the noncriminalisation of victims. Further, the removal of criminals, either through quitting or death, among others, was also found to have a huge positive impact. Numerical simulations were performed for a variety of mixing criminal scenarios to verify the analytical results obtained.

Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Douaihy ◽  
Matthew Conlon ◽  
Maria Ferrara
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Depressive disorders are highly prevalent among persons living with HIV/AIDS. Depressive disorders significantly negatively affects adherence to antiretroviral therapy and HIV viral suppression and is associated with poor quality of life and major impairment in overall functioning. This chapter reviews the prevalence, risk factors, assessment and diagnosis of depressive and bipolar disorders. It also examines the impact of depression on sexual behaviors, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, quality of life, and mortality. This chapter also includes a comprehensive discussion of treatment approaches and considerations for HIV-infected individuals with depressive disorders. Furthermore, it reviews the bipolar disorder spectrum in HIV/AIDS as well as other psychiatric disorders co-occurring with depressive disorders.

Homelessness and HIV Transmission

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Livingstone ◽  
Daniel B. Herman ◽  
Naomi Adler ◽  
Ezra S. Susser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homeless Persons ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Hiv Aids

Homelessness is associated with both poorer health and higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Recent research suggests that with growing availability of antiretroviral therapy and the expansion of housing alternatives for chronically homeless persons, HIV is no longer a leading cause of death among the homeless. Nonetheless, HIV prevalence is significantly higher among homeless persons than among their housed counterparts. This chapter examines the association between HIV/AIDS and homelessness in the United States. After providing a brief overview of homelessness and the characteristics of specific homeless subpopulations, we discuss HIV prevalence, transmission, treatment and prevention among people who are homeless in the United States.

scholarly journals THE THE IMPACT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ON HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS AT MERPATI CLINIC, WANGAYA HOSPITAL, DENPASAR, BALI, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
PUTU DEWINTA DARMADA ◽  
KETUT SURYANA
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Hemoglobin Level ◽  
P Value ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

Objective: Anemia is responsible for poor outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients. It’s related to disease progression, morbidity, and mortality. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) agent, zidovudine (ZDV) is also known to trigger anemia in the early initiation. However, studies found improved hemoglobin (Hb) levels of HIV/AIDS patients several months after ART routinely taken. This study aims to find the impact and correlation of ART on the hemoglobin level of HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was done at Merpati Clinic, Wangaya Hospital, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. Data were collected from medical records and laboratory results. A total sample of 64 HIV/AIDS patients with at least 6 mo on ART was included in this study. Results: Anemia was found in 34 (53.1%) of patients before ART initiation. After taking ART for 6 mo, we observed a significant improvement in patients’ hemoglobin levels, 48 (75%) shows increased hemoglobin levels. The paired t-test revealed a correlation between ART and Hb level (p<0.001). Fourteen (43.8%) patient taking ZDV shows no improvement, even declining of Hb level. Chi-square analysis performed with p = 0.001 to ZDV and lower or no improvement of hemoglobin level. Both results considered statistically significant (p-value less than 0.05) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Relative risk (RR) of no improvement or decline in Hb level is 7 folds higher in the ZDV group than the non-ZDV group. Conclusion: This study concludes that ART affects hemoglobin levels in HIV/AIDS patients. Zidovudine regimen is more prone to lower or no increase of Hb.

Evaluating the impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV transmission

AIDS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S149-S159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A Salomon ◽  
Daniel R Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the incidence of opportunistic infections, hospitalizations and mortality among children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. S414-S423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talitah M. S. Candiani ◽  
Jorge Pinto ◽  
Claudete A. Araújo Cardoso ◽  
Inácio R. Carvalho ◽  
Arlete C. M. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Average Hospital ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can be evaluated using indicators, such as rates of opportunistic infections, hospitalizations by cause of infection, and associated death. This study aimed to estimate the impact of HAART on the incidence of these indicators, in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS. It was a hybrid cohort study; 371 patients were followed from 1989 to 2003. In December 2003, 76% of the patients were still being followed, while 12.1% had died, 9.5% had dropped out, and 2.4% had been transferred. The overall rate of opportunistic infections was 18.32 infections/100 persons-year and 2.63 in the pre- and post-HAART periods, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of developing an opportunistic infection was 5.4 times greater and 3.3 times greater for hospitalization risk before HAART. Respiratory causes represented 65% of the hospitalizations and they were reduced by 44.6% with therapeutic intervention. The average hospital stay of 15 days was reduced to 9.There was a post-HAART decline in deaths of 38%. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of HAART in significantly reducing opportunistic infections, hospitalizations, and deaths in this Brazilian cohort.

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