scholarly journals Bioavailability Studies of Metals in Surface Water of River Challawa, Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Uzairu ◽  
O. J. Okunola ◽  
R. J. Wakawa ◽  
S. G. Adewusi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Chemical Fractionation ◽  
Industrial Estate ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Cu And Zn

Due to industrialization of Kano City, more industries located within Challawa industrial estate have discharged waste informed of effluents into River Challawa, which is the main source of irrigation water for agricultural land. Hence, this study is aim at assessing the bioavailable fractions of the metals zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in surface water of river Challawa, Kano, Nigeria, across seasons. It was found that the concentrations of most metals increased significantly during the dry seasons. Concentrations of Cu and Zn are within the standard limits of EPA and WHO for these metals in drinking water while Pb, Cr, and Cd have their concentrations higher than EPA and WHO standard limits. Analysis of relationship between metals indicated significant positive correlation (P<0.05) between Cr and Zn, in all seasons with exception of warm and dry season. This might explain the consistent variation of these metals in the sites in a particular season. Also, significant negative correlation was observed between Cd and Cu (hot and dry season). The chemical fractionation trends were found to be dominated by particulate fractions of metals studied except Zn (cool and dry season) and Cd. The highest percentages of all metals analysed were found in the particulate fraction with exception of Cd. This could reflect less availability of this metal to the immediate environment. However, availability of metals such as Cd, Cr, and Pb in the dissolved and mobile fractions reflects the greater tendency to become available to the aquatic system and through the food chain to man.

scholarly journals European survey shows poor association between soil organic matter and crop yields

2020 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
Wytse J. Vonk ◽  
Martin K. van Ittersum ◽  
Pytrik Reidsma ◽  
Laura Zavattaro ◽  
Luca Bechini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Farm Survey

AbstractA number of policies proposed to increase soil organic matter (SOM) content in agricultural land as a carbon sink and to enhance soil fertility. Relations between SOM content and crop yields however remain uncertain. In a recent farm survey across six European countries, farmers reported both their crop yields and their SOM content. For four widely grown crops (wheat, grain maize, sugar beet and potato), correlations were explored between reported crop yields and SOM content (N = 1264). To explain observed variability, climate, soil texture, slope, tillage intensity, fertilisation and irrigation were added as co-variables in a linear regression model. No consistent correlations were observed for any of the crop types. For wheat, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between SOM and crop yields in the Continental climate, with yields being on average 263 ± 4 (95% CI) kg ha−1 higher on soils with one percentage point more SOM. In the Atlantic climate, a significant negative correlation was observed for wheat, with yields being on average 75 ± 2 (95%CI) kg ha−1 lower on soils with one percentage point more SOM (p < 0.05). For sugar beet, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between SOM and crop yields was suggested for all climate zones, but this depended on a number of relatively low yield observations. For potatoes and maize, no significant correlations were observed between SOM content and crop yields. These findings indicate the need for a diversified strategy across soil types, crops and climates when seeking farmers’ support to increase SOM.

scholarly journals SEDIMENT TRAPPING BY TERRACED PADDY FIELD ON SLOPPING AGRICULTURAL LAND

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukristiyonubowo Sukristiyonubowo ◽  
D. Gabriels ◽  
M. Verlooc
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Terraced Paddy Field ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Terraced paddy field is not only important for rural food security, but also for trapping sediment in the slopping land. The aims of this research were to quantify the amount of incoming and outgoing sediments and to study sediment movement behavior during harrowing and fertilizing under traditional irrigation of terraced paddy field system. This study was carried out at Keji Village, Semarang District, Central Java during two cropping seasons, a wet season 2003/04 and a dry season 2004. A paddy field with eight terraces was selected. The terraces were flat, different in size and descending to the river. Sediment samples were taken at harrowing and fertilizing activities. The results indicated that at harrowing, outgoing sediment was higher than incoming both during the wet and the dry seasons. About 0.53 and 0.27 t ha-1 day-1 of soil were eroded during harrowing in the wet and the dry seasons, respectively. However, a week before and after fertilizing, both in the wet and the dry seasons, the amounts of incoming sediment were higher than the outgoing one. In the wet season, the amounts of incoming sediments were three to four times higher than the outgoing one, both a week before and after fertilizing. During the wet season, about 0.31 and 0.34 t ha-1 day-1 of sediment was yielded a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. During the dry season, the incoming sediments were ten times higher than the outgoing one. On an average the sediment yields were about 0.07 and 0.08 t ha-1 day-1 a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. Terraces having greater areas deposited more sediment than those with smaller sizes. During a week before and after first fertilizing, the total amounts of incoming sediments were 6.44 and 1.19 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, while that of outgoing sediments were 1.89 and 0.14 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This indicates that terraced paddy fields are not only producing rice, but also providing environmental service in term of sediment trapping. This external service minimizes sedimentation in the downstream.<p> </p>

scholarly journals The Corrosivity Level of Rawa Pening Downstream Surface Water in the Dry and Rainy Season

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-222
Author(s):  
Purwono Purwono ◽  
Wiharyanto Oktiawan ◽  
Titik Istirokhatun ◽  
Agus Nurfaiz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Geological Material ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

Corrosion is an important factor that can affect the quality of air used by humans. This has an impact on health and economic factors, damage to air distribution equipment. The level of corrosivity of surface water as raw water for drinking water is important to be examined before the water enters the processing process or other uses such as hydroelectric power (PLTA). This study aims to measure the level of water corrosivity on the surface of the Pening swamp during the dry and rainy seasons in 2018. Taking air samples on the surface of the Pening swamp, then carrying out laboratory tests on the parameters of air corrosivity. The results showed that the downstream surface of the Pening swamp was not corrosive in terms of pH, temperature, TDS, and chloride parameters. The pH value in the dry season (J1) is 7.00, while in the rainy (J2) it is 7.77 and is non-corrosive. The temperature values are 28.6oC and 29.3oC in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The TDS measurement results in the dry season are lower than the rainy season by a difference of 12 mg / l. In the dry season it is 141 mg / l and the rainy season is 153 mg / l. This increase probably came from geological material (geological material) such as rocks and soil around the Pening Swamp Lake. Other sources of TDS include urban land, road workers, agricultural land and pasture. Human activities also increase in the increase of TDS in water including domestic activities (bathing and washing), trade, and industry. Chloride levels were 2.19 mg / l and 3.19 mg / l. This research has implications for the users of Sungai Pening Swamp. The corrosivity of air measurement is also by microbiological parameters which need to be investigated further.

Thames Water's Experiences with Cryptosporidium

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline Poulton ◽  
Jennifer Colbourne ◽  
P. J. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Contamination Events ◽  
The Impact

In February 1989 an outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with contaminated surface water in the upper Thames catchment was identified. Less than 0.01% of the population suffered symptoms sufficient for them to seek medical advice. Nevertheless, the impact of the outbreak on the community and the water undertakers was considerable, and an expert committee was appointed by the Secretary of State for Health to advise on research and measures to control the disease and prevent future waterborne outbreaks. One of the committee's interim recommendations was for the gathering of information on the occurrence of cryptosporidium oocysts in the aquatic environment particularly sources used for abstraction and production of drinking water. The results of monitoring in the River Thames catchment will be discussed particularly in light of observations that peak contamination events occur in rivers which pass through agricultural land but do not receive discharges from sewage treatment works.

scholarly journals Application of Assessment Models for Health Risk and Pollution From Surface Water From Okumpi River in Nwangele, Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihenetu chukwuemeka Stanley ◽  
Njoku Obinna ◽  
Ibe Chizoruo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract The study targets at examining the pollution assessment and environmental health effects of surface water from Okumpi River. Ten surface water samples were collected randomly both in wet and dry seasons within the river that was assessed. The models used for assessment include contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI), water quality index, dermal and absorption exposure dose, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The mean and standard deviation pH value in the present study during the wet and dry seasons varied from 6.21±0.22 - 5.75±0.41. The mean and standard deviation EC in the current study ranges between 219.15±12.20 - 193.30±14.81 μS/cm for wet and dry seasons which are found to be in line with the WHO standard used. The mean and standard deviation of DO for this study during the wet and dry seasons were found to be 10.03±0.58 - 6.47±0.41 (mg/L). TDS for wet and dry seasons ranges from 374.79±5.33 - 121.65±6.33 mg/L. The colour of the water samples at both seasons were lower than the permissible limit 9.60±0.89 - 11.20±3.11 PCU against 15 PCU used as the standard. The nitrate [9.05±1.08 - 8.09±1.57], sulphate [3.91±0.51 - 3.73±0.46] and phosphate [82.78±3.86 - 81.76±3.32] in this present study for wet and dry season were all found to be below the standard of WHO for safe drinking water. Among all the heavy metals studied, Iron [1.28±0.01 - 0.37±0.01 (mg/L)] and Nickel [0.98±0.04 - 1.03±0.04 (mg/L)] were found more in the study in wet and dry seasons while cadmium was not detected in both seasons. Nickel showed high contamination factor of 48.24 – 42.40 in wet and dry season while cupper showed the least contamination factor of 0.012 – 0.008 in wet and dry season. The study has revealed that the surface water is not suitable for drinking purposes as seen by the high water quality index which the calculated value gave 1205.56-1236.26 for wet season and dry season which is > 300. The Hazard quotient via ingestion and Hazard quotient via dermal has a reduction in the order of lead > nickel > iron > manganese > copper > zinc and lead > zinc > nickel > copper > iron > manganese > cadmium, in cooperation in children and adults in wet season, correspondingly. The Hazard quotient via ingestion and Hazard quotient via dermal has a decrease in the following order of nickel > lead > manganese > copper > iron > zinc and lead >zinc > nickel > copper > manganese > iron > for both children and adults in dry season, respectively. Lead possess carcinogenic risk for the inhabitants of this area due to the value of the carcinogenic risk n wet season of 4.05E-4 in adult and 1.55E-3 in children, in dry season of 2.57E-4 in adult and 9.88E-4 in children, against the standard set by the USEPA of 10-6 – 10-4. The water pollution monitoring agency of this area should regularly check the water quality assessment of this river and should suggest treatment through filtration, boiling and the use of additives in order to reduce the risk of water related problems.

scholarly journals SEDIMENT TRAPPING BY TERRACED PADDY FIELD ON SLOPPING AGRICULTURAL LAND

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukristiyonubowo Sukristiyonubowo ◽  
D. Gabriels ◽  
M. Verlooc
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Sediment Trapping ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Terraced Paddy Field

<p>Terraced paddy field is not only important for rural food security,</p> <p>but also for trapping sediment in the slopping land. The aims</p> <p>of this research were to quantify the amount of incoming and</p> <p>outgoing sediments and to study sediment movement behavior</p> <p>during harrowing and fertilizing under traditional irrigation of</p> <p>terraced paddy field system. This study was carried out at Keji</p> <p>Village, Semarang District, Central Java during two cropping</p> <p>seasons, a wet season 2003/04 and a dry season 2004. A paddy</p> <p>field with eight terraces was selected. The terraces were flat,</p> <p>different in size and descending to the river. Sediment samples</p> <p>were taken at harrowing and fertilizing activities. The results</p> <p>indicated that at harrowing, outgoing sediment was higher than</p> <p>incoming both during the wet and the dry seasons. About 0.53</p> <p>and 0.27 t ha-1 day-1 of soil were eroded during harrowing in the</p> <p>wet and the dry seasons, respectively. However, a week before</p> <p>and after fertilizing, both in the wet and the dry seasons, the</p> <p>amounts of incoming sediment were higher than the outgoing</p> <p>one. In the wet season, the amounts of incoming sediments were</p> <p>three to four times higher than the outgoing one, both a week</p> <p>before and after fertilizing. During the wet season, about 0.31</p> <p>and 0.34 t ha-1 day-1 of sediment was yielded a week before and</p> <p>after fertilizing, respectively. During the dry season, the incoming</p> <p>sediments were ten times higher than the outgoing one.</p> <p>On an average the sediment yields were about 0.07 and 0.08 t</p> <p>ha-1 day-1 a week before and after fertilizing, respectively.</p> <p>Terraces having greater areas deposited more sediment than</p> <p>those with smaller sizes. During a week before and after first</p> <p>fertilizing, the total amounts of incoming sediments were 6.44</p> <p>and 1.19 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, while that of</p> <p>outgoing sediments were 1.89 and 0.14 t ha-1 for the wet and dry</p> <p>seasons, respectively. This indicates that terraced paddy fields</p> <p>are not only producing rice, but also providing environmental</p> <p>service in term of sediment trapping. This external service</p> minimizes sedimentation in the downstream.

scholarly journals The Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Organics in Surface Water of Beijing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun changhong ◽  
Fang yaoyao ◽  
Ling wencui ◽  
Sun xueting ◽  
Fan yumei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Toxic Organics ◽  
Dry Seasons

The study of the distribution and health risk assessment is meaningful to provide basic data for environmental management．To investigate the pollution of potential toxic organics and their health risk to human beings, water samples were collected at 7 sites of main surface water of Beijing during wet and dry seasons respectively. The targeted 92 organics were detected, including phthalates (PAEs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phenols. The results showed that: there were 56 organics detected out, and the number ratios of detected compounds to the total compounds of the same kind increased as the following: VOCs, phthalates, phenols, PAHs. 8 VOCs were detected in wet season, and 3 in dry season. The concentration of 2,2-Dichloropropane was highest as 10.62ug/L, while the concentrations of other VOCs were below 5ug/L; There were 11 phthalates detected during dry season. The content of Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate was highest as 188.47ng/L; 17 phenols were found in samples during wet season, and the highest concentration was 1244.73ng/L for 4-nitrophenol; PAHs could be detected in all samples, and the detected compounds and the corresponding average concentrations were higher in wet seasons than those in dry seasons, which indicated that non-point pollution was possibly the main pollution source. The health risk assessment of the detected 56 pollutants by using a model from US EPA showed that, the risk caused by the four kinds of toxic organics in this study was in the acceptable ranges.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Trend of Waterborne Disease in Enugu Urban, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Onyekachi J. Okpasuo ◽  
Fabian C. Okafor ◽  
Ifeanyi Aguzie ◽  
Chika Ikele ◽  
Joy Anunobi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Enteric Diseases ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
And Storage

Many water sources in Nigeria are contaminated with pathogens. Several towns have witnessed outbreaks of enteric diseases due to poor hygienic standards of available drinking water. This research was undertaken to determine the spatiotemporal trends of waterborne diseases (WBDs) in Enugu, Nigeria using retrospective records from January 2013 to December 2016. A total of 18,495 individual reported cases of WBDs were analysed. The analysis showed an increasing temporal trend from 2013 to 2015, with a slight decrease in 2016. Typhoid fever had the highest frequency (48.9%) followed by diarrhoea (40%) and then dysentery (11.1%). The highest (88.9%) incidence of waterborne diseases per 10,000 peoples was from Enugu North followed by Enugu South (62.6%) and least was Enugu East (44.4%). Highest occurrence of typhoid fever and dysentery per 10,000 peoples was also found in Enugu North while Enugu East had the highest occurrence of diarrhoea in the four-year trends. WBDs were highest between January and March and least in July. The months with peak occurrence of WBDs falls within the dry season. The importance of having drinking water in both quality and quantity cannot be overestimated as portrayed in this study. Drinking water quality in Enugu urban is very poor especially during the dry season. This suggests a need for setting up a modality to tackle challenges of limited water supply during the dry seasons of the year and to educate the populace on household water treatment and storage method.

Nanofiltration of colored surface water: Quebec's experience

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
P. Kouadio ◽  
M. Tétrault
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Water Regulation ◽  
Eastern Canada

Three colored surface water nanofiltration pilot-scale projects were conducted in the province of Quebec (eastern Canada), between November 2000 and March 2002, by the company H2O Innovation (2000) inc., for the municipalities of Lac Bouchette, Latulipe-et-Gaboury and Charlesbourg (now part of Quebec City). Results indicated that nanofiltration permeate quality has an advance on present drinking water regulation standard in Quebec, but important membrane fouling occurred. Fouling can be controlled by pretreatment and optimization of the operating conditions.

Occurrence of 1,4-dioxane and MTBE in drinking water sources in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Simazaki ◽  
M. Asami ◽  
T. Nishimura ◽  
S. Kunikane ◽  
T. Aizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10−5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.

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