The spire index (height/maximum diameter of shell) is a fairly adequate measure of the shape of the coiled shell of most terrestrial and freshwater gastropod shells but less so in complex marine shells with thorns, flanges and spouts. In this study, only adult free-crawling forms with several whorls, able to retract completely into the shell, are considered. In the Stylommatophora of the Western European terrestrial fauna the distribution of the spire index is markedly bimodal, the modes, with values of about 3 and about 0.5, corresponding respectively to shells with a high to very high spire (and small spire angle) and those varying from more or less globular or trochoid to very flattened and disk-like (spire angle from 60° to 180°). The same two modes are found in the taxonomically different terrestrial stylommatophorans of the U.S.A., and in the faunas of Puerto Rico (Caribbean) and New Caledonia (southwest Pacific). Basommatophorans also show two, rather different, modes. North American marine archaeogastropods are mainly equidimensional but with a few disk-like forms and a very few high-spired ones, marine mesogastropods are mainly high-spired but with disk-like forms, neogastropods high-spired, and relevant euthyneurans sharply bimodal, like the stylommatophorans. Fossil archaeogastropods of the Palaeozoic were much more various at first than modern forms. There is some indication that they became restricted in variety as caenogastropods became abundant, but also that the proportion of marine disk-like shells has decreased markedly since the Palaeozoic. Modes of
h/d
are characteristic of large taxonomic groups but not taxonomically restricted since given values may appear as specific, generic or subfamilial variants from a mode, and appear sporadically in unrelated forms. There is also no broad association between modal value and broad ecological characters. Since nearly all values do occur in some group or other, no mechanical requirement can be invoked to explain such variation. In the land Stylommatophora enough is known of the broad ecology to suggest that in extreme habitats species with very different size or shell-shape may occur together, and that generalized feeders with similar shells may show separation, ecological or geographical (but in that case, also ecological). Since different shapes of shell will have different mechanical characteristics when considered as burdens to be carried, it is suggested tentatively that they may be related to the positions in which different species normally walk and hence to their preferred feeding places. This would explain an apparent tendency for different taxonomic groups to occupy the same part of the scatter of
h/d
in different regions of the world,for many groups in the same region to occupy different portions of the scatter, and perhaps the apparent exclusion by caenogastropods of archaeogastropods from part of the scatter since the Palaeozoic. It is argued that the distributions discovered are explicable only by natural selection.
Phytoliths in Taxonomy of Phylogenetic Domains of Plants