scholarly journals Olfactory Loss after Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty: A Report of Two Cases with Review of the Literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Rong-San Jiang ◽  
Yi-Hao Chang
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Zinc Salt ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) has been a popular surgical method for treating obstructive sleep apnea syndrome since it was introduced in the early 1980s. Olfactory loss has been reported as a rare side effect in several cases. However, the olfactory test results and the prognosis were not mentioned in these cases. We present two patients who complained of loss of olfactory function after UPPP. Their olfactory function was evaluated by the phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. After treatment with steroid and zinc salt, their olfactory function was improved but not recovered completely.

scholarly journals Examination Techniques of the First Cranial Nerve: What Neurosurgical Residents Should Know

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 124-129
Author(s):  
Leonard Leong Sang Xian ◽  
Vasu Nallaluthan ◽  
Yong De Jun ◽  
Ooi Lin-Wei ◽  
Sanihah Abdul Halim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Odour Discrimination ◽  
Examination Techniques ◽  
Smell Identification

Olfactory or smell dysfunction is often overlooked by clinicians despite being prevalent in the population. To date in Malaysia, there is no standard and reliable test to examine the function of olfaction. Tests used at developed countries such as the Sniffin’ Sticks Test (SST), the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) test, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) are not readily available in this region and may be costly to procure. The first cranial nerve can be tested using commonly available materials to assess: i) the function of odour detection; ii) the odour discrimination; and iii) the odour identification. An abnormal odour detection threshold test generally indicates a peripheral olfactory problem while the odour discrimination and identification test attribute the problem to the cerebral cortex. An olfactory complaint should not be taken lightly and a proper olfactory function examination is important: i) to determine the legitimacy of a patient’s complaint; ii) to monitor the progress of patient’s olfactory function; iii) to establish insurance payout for disability; and iv) to characterise the specific nature of the problem. A video has been produced to demonstrate the examination techniques explained in this article.

Adherence and Efficacy of Olfactory Training as a Treatment for Persistent Olfactory Loss

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Aurélio Fornazieri ◽  
Ellen Cristine Duarte Garcia ◽  
Natália Medeiros Dias Lopes ◽  
Isabela Naomi Iha Miyazawa ◽  
Gislene dos Santos Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Success ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Adherence Rate ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
Spontaneous Improvement ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The University ◽  
Olfactory Training

Background Among emerging therapies, olfactory training (OT) has been proposed as a potential treatment for persistent olfactory loss. This treatment has been suggested to improve olfactory function via sensorineural modulation from repeated odor exposure. However, due to the long treatment period that is required, many patients discontinue the treatment or do not follow the treatment regimen appropriately, potentially biasing estimates of treatment success. Moreover, spontaneous improvement is known to occur without any interventions. Objectives We evaluated both the adherence rates and the efficacy of OT in patients with persistent postinfectious, posttraumatic, or idiopathic olfactory loss. Methods Prospective observational study. Twenty-five patients with persistent olfactory loss underwent OT. Protocol adherence and olfactory function (scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test or UPSIT) were assessed 3 and 6 months after the initiation of treatment. A minimum improvement of 5 UPSIT points was considered clinically significant and adherence throughout the study. Results The adherence rate of the patients after 3 months was 88% and after 6 months was 56%. The corresponding percentages of clinical improvement were 23.5% and 25%. There was no relation of age, sex, time of olfactory loss, race, the degree of olfactory loss, etiology, education, and type of training to the adherence rate or treatment efficacy. Conclusions In this patient population, adherence to training remained high in the first 3 months of OT but declined moderately thereafter. The observed prevalence and degree of improvement were similar to that reported a number of studies, including some studies whose patients did not receive OT.

Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Minamata Disease

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Furuta ◽  
Kengo Nishimoto ◽  
Masahiko Egawa ◽  
Masaru Ohyama ◽  
Hiroyuki Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Minamata Disease ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Identification ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Identification Function ◽  
Smell Identification

We studied the olfactory functions of organic mercury poisoning (Minamata disease) by using both the smell identification test and the olfactory detection threshold test (with phenyl ethyl alcohol). The subjects were 19 patients with Minamata disease who were treated in Meisuien, Minamata, Kumamoto, Japan and include cases that developed the disease in utero. The mean age was 78.7 ± 14.3 years old. Both smell identification and olfactory detection tests in the majority of patients decreased significantly compared with those of healthy elder subjects. A few cases showed normal olfactory identification and detection functions. The olfactory identification function deceased with advancing age. Correlation existed between detection threshold and background factors such as age and duration after documented Minamata disease was found. No significant relationship was identified between olfactory function and the typical symptoms of Minamata disease.

A Twin Study of Odor Identification and Olfactory Sensitivity

1992 ◽  
Vol 41 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.L. Segal ◽  
K.W. Brown ◽  
T.D. Topolski
Keyword(s):  
Twin Study ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Odor Identification ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Olfactory Sensitivity ◽  
Odor Detection Threshold ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
The University ◽  
Smell Identification

AbstractInterindividual variation in odor identification and olfactory sensitivity has been explained primarily with reference to age, sex and/or experiential factors. A twin study of olfaction can, therefore, substantially contribute to current research in this area. Thirty-nine monozygotic and twenty dizygotic twin pairs have completed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), an olfactory preference questionnaire, and two odor detection threshold tests (phenyl ethyl alcohol and butanol). A genetic influence on odor identification, as assessed by the UPSIT, has been demonstrated. Future plans and directions for this research program are discussed.

Olfaction and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 359-368
Author(s):  
Richard L. Doty
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Nasal Airflow ◽  
Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Odor Detection Threshold ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Olfactory Anatomy ◽  
Function Information ◽  
Multiple Chemical

In this paper, a description of olfactory anatomy is presented, followed by a brief review of modern procedures for testing olfactory function. Information from the sole study which has quantitatively examined olfactory function in patients with apparent multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is presented. In essence, this study suggests that MCS is associated with increased nasal airflow resistance, respiration rate, heart rate, and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, but not with significant changes in odor detection threshold sensitivity to phenyl ethyl alcohol and methyl ethyl ketone, the two target stimuli evaluated. Whether MCS patients evidence hypersensitivity to other chemicals is unknown.

scholarly journals The Effect of Endoscopic Olfactory Cleft Opening on Obstructed Olfactory Cleft Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rong-San Jiang ◽  
Kai-Li Liang
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Olfactory Dysfunction ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Olfactory Cleft ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol

Purpose. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of endoscopic olfactory cleft (OC) opening on olfaction in patients with obstructed OC disease. Materials and Methods. Patients with obstructed OC disease who underwent endoscopic OC opening for treatment were enrolled. The endoscopic olfactory cleft opening was performed under local anesthesia. Under an endoscopy, the middle and superior turbinates were gently lateralized to open the OC using an elevator. The phenyl ethyl alcohol threshold test was performed to evaluate the olfactory function both before and after surgery. Results. An endoscopic OC opening was performed on 42 patients. Amongst them, the etiology of OC obstruction revealed anatomic anomalies in 14 patients, inflammatory process in 14, and anatomic anomalies as well as inflammatory process in 14. The phenyl ethyl alcohol threshold levels improved in 32 (76.2%) of the patients after surgery. The olfactory function was better improved in patients experiencing OC obstructed by inflammatory process than those by anatomic anomalies. Conclusions. This study showed that endoscopic OC opening seemed to be effective in treating olfactory dysfunction in patients with obstructed OC disease caused by inflammatory process.

The Effect of Olfactory Training on the Odor Threshold in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-San Jiang ◽  
Chih-Wen Twu ◽  
Kai-Li Liang
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Oil ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Odor Threshold ◽  
Zinc Treatment ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Smell Identification ◽  
Olfactory Training

Background Olfactory training is a novel intervention that has been used to treat olfactory dysfunction. This study attempted to investigate the effect of olfactory training in patients with traumatic anosmia. Methods Patients with a clear history of anosmia after experiencing a head injury and whose phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) odor detection thresholds were — 1 after steroid and zinc treatment were included. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, with patients in one group given a bottle of PEA and those in another group given a bottle of mineral oil for 3-month olfactory training. All the patients were followed up with a PEA threshold test and the traditional Chinese version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT-TC). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to measure the volume of the olfactory bulbs. Any patient whose PEA threshold result was below —1.01 or whose UPSIT-TC score increased four or more points was considered to have shown improvement in their olfactory function. Results Forty-two patients received PEA olfactory training, whereas 39 received olfactory training with mineral oil. The improvement of PEA thresholds function was observed in 10 patients within the PEA group and in 2 patients in the mineral oil group. The frequency of improvement of threshold within the PEA group was significantly higher than that of the mineral oil group. Neither olfactory bulb volume nor UPSIT-TC score was significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion Our results showed that olfactory training with PEA can improve PEA odor threshold levels in patients with traumatic anosmia.

A Study of the Relationship between the T&T Olfactometer and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in a Japanese Population

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko Kondo ◽  
Toshi Matsuda ◽  
Motoyuki Hashiba ◽  
Shunkichi Baba
Keyword(s):  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Threshold Test ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Olfactory Ability ◽  
Smell Function ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Smell Identification ◽  
Endoscopic Nasal Surgery

The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and a smell ability questionnaire were administered to 167 Japanese volunteers ranging in age from 20 to 59 years. Of these subjects, 80 also received the T&T olfactometer threshold test. Of the latter subjects, 36 were patients tested before endoscopic nasal surgery for sinusitis and polyposis. The patients exhibited decreased smell function, as measured by the T&T olfactometer, the UPSIT, and a 30-item version of the UPSIT in which the 10 least familiar items were removed (ps < 0.001). Spearman correlations ranging from 0.53 to 0.70 were found between (i) scores on the 30- and 40-item UPSITs and (ii) the T&T detection and recognition threshold values. Significant correlations were found between scores on the smell ability questionnaire and the olfactory test measures (UPSIT30 r = 0.56; UPSIT40 r = 0.58; T&T detection r = 0.56; T&T recognition r = 0.69, p < 0.001), indicating that subjects are relatively accurate in assessing their olfactory ability. This study suggests that the 30 and 40-item UPSITs correlate well with measures derived from the T&T olfactometer, and that all three tests are sensitive to the smell loss of Japanese sinusitis/polyposis patients.

scholarly journals Olfactory function in migraine both during and between attacks

Cephalalgia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 977-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Marmura ◽  
Teshamae S Monteith ◽  
Waseem Anjum ◽  
Richard L Doty ◽  
Sarah E Hegarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Episodic Migraine ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Olfactory Test ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Lower Test ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

Introduction People with migraine often report being osmophobic, both during and between acute migraine attacks. It is not clear, however, whether such reports are associated with changes in olfaction such as hyperosmia, as measured by psychophysical testing. In this case-control study we quantitatively assessed olfactory identification ability, which correlates with threshold tests of olfactory acuity, in patients with migraine at baseline (no headache), during migraine episodes, and after a treated attack and compared the test scores to those of matched control subjects. Methods Fifty episodic migraine subjects and 50 and sex- and age-matched controls without headache were tested. All completed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), a standardized and well-validated olfactory test. Results At baseline, the UPSIT scores did not differ significantly between the migraine and control study groups (median paired score difference: −1, p = 0.18). During migraine attacks, a minority of migraine subjects (eight of 42) developed microsmia (i.e. lower test scores by at least four points), suggesting that, as compared to their matched controls, olfactory acuity was somewhat impaired during migraine attacks ( p = 0.02). This difference was less pronounced and not statistically significant after a successfully treated attack ( p = 0.15). Discussion People with episodic migraine were found to have similar olfactory function as age- and sex-matched controls, but a minority exhibit microsmia or hyposmia during acute attacks. The cause of this dysfunction is unknown, but could relate to autonomic symptoms, limbic system activation, or disorders of higher order sensory processing.

Cholinergic neurotransmission and olfactory function in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a TMS study

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Versace ◽  
Patrick B. Langthaler ◽  
Luca Sebastianelli ◽  
Stefan Golaszewski ◽  
Alexander B. Kunz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Cholinergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Apnea Syndrome
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