scholarly journals Antibiotic Treatment Response of Chronic Lung Diseases of Adult Sheep in the United Kingdom Based upon Ultrasonographic Findings

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Scott
Keyword(s):  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Tumour Mass ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Breath Sounds ◽  
Anechoic Area ◽  
Lung Lobes

Examination of the lungs of adult sheep with chronic respiratory diseases was readily achieved using both 5 MHz linear and sector scanners. Superficial lung abscesses in eight sheep appeared as anechoic areas containing multiple hyperechoic dots bordered distally by a broad hyperechoic capsule. Unilateral fibrinous pleurisy (2 sheep) appeared as an anechoic area containing a hyperechoic latticework. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) lesions appeared as sharply demarcated hypoechoic areas in the lung parenchyma initially in the cranioventral lung lobes (21 sheep) with lesions also present in the caudodorsal diaphragmatic lobe (11 sheep); abscesses and areas of calcification within the OPA tumour mass were also identified. Daily treatment with procaine penicillin for 30 consecutive days was successful in both sheep with unilateral fibrinous pleurisy and six sheep identified with superficial lung abscesses measuring 2–8 cm in diameter; only one of two sheep with more extensive lesions recovered. Auscultation of the chest failed to detect adventitious sounds in any of the ten sheep with lung abscesses; normal breath sounds were reduced over the area of fibrinous pleurisy; no pleuritic rubs were heard. Wheezes and crackles auscultated in some OPA cases and did not correlate well with lesions detected ultrasonographically.

Interleukin-17A: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lung Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadiya Bi Shaikh ◽  
Ashwini Prabhu ◽  
Yashodhar Prabhakar Bhandary
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Interleukin 17 ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Interleukin 17A ◽  
Insight Into

Background: Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has gained a lot of attention because of its involvement in respiratory diseases. Interleukin-17 cytokine family includes six members, out of which, IL-17A participates towards the immune responses in allergy and inflammation. It also modulates the progression of respiratory disorders. Objective: The present review is an insight into the involvement and contributions of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A in chronic respiratory diseases like Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Distress (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, obliterative bronchiolitis, lung cancer and many others. Conclusion: IL-17A is a major regulator of inflammatory responses. In all the mentioned diseases, IL- 17A plays a prime role in inducing the diseases, whereas the lack of this pro-inflammatory cytokine reduces the severity of respective respiratory diseases. Thereby, this review suggests IL-17A as an instrumental target in chronic respiratory diseases.

Sequence of interstitial liquid accumulation in liquid-inflated sheep lung lobes

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2659-2666 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conhaim ◽  
S. J. Lai-Fook ◽  
A. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Cuff Volume ◽  
Analogue Model ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Cuff Size ◽  
Mechanical Linkage ◽  
Perivascular Cuff ◽  
Lung Lobes ◽  
Space Volume

In the initial stages of pulmonary edema, liquid accumulates in the lung interstitium and appears as cuffs around pulmonary vessels. To determine the pattern, rate, and magnitude of cuff formation, we inflated sheep lungs to capacity with liquid (inflation pressure 19 cmH2O) for 3–300 min. After freezing the lobes in liquid N2, we measured perivascular cuff size and total perivascular volume in frozen blocks of each lobe and compared the results with previous measurements in dog lungs. Total cuff volume in sheep lungs reached a maximum value of 5% of air space volume, compared with 9% in dog lungs. In sheep lungs 94% of vessels greater than or equal to 0.5 mm diam and 16% of smaller vessels were surrounded by cuffs. In dog lungs these values were 99 and 47%, respectively. The ratio of cuff area to vessel area reached a maximum of 2.3 in sheep lungs and 3.4 in dog lungs. In an electrical analogue model designed to simulate cuff growth, estimated interstitial resistance to liquid flow was 6–15 times higher than similar estimates in dog lungs. These species differences might be the result of differences in the composition of the interstitial gel or to differences in the mechanical linkage between the lung parenchyma and vessel wall.

scholarly journals Dystrophic mineralisation in chronic exogenous lipid pneumonia in cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 205511691985025
Author(s):  
Claudia Mallol ◽  
Yvonne Espada ◽  
Albert Lloret ◽  
Raúl Altuzarra ◽  
Carlo Anselmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Constipation ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Dependent Part ◽  
Exogenous Lipid ◽  
Lipid Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Lobes

Case series summary Exogenous lipid pneumonia with mineralisation of the lung parenchyma was diagnosed in three cats with radiographs, CT and/or bronchoalveolar lavage cytological findings. All three cats had a common clinical history of chronic constipation and long-term forced oral administration of mineral oil. All three cases showed radiographic findings compatible with aspiration pneumonia, with an alveolar pattern in the ventral part of the middle and/or cranial lung lobes. Minor improvement of the radiographic lung pattern in the follow-up studies was seen in two cats, and a miliary ‘sponge-like’ mineralised pattern appeared in the previously affected lung lobes months to years after the diagnosis. In one cat, patchy fat-attenuating areas in the consolidated lung lobes were present on thoracic CT. Cases 1 and 2 showed respiratory signs at the initial presentation, while in case 3 the radiographic findings were incidental and the cat had never exhibited respiratory signs. Relevance and novel information This is the first report to describe dystrophic mineralisation of the lung in exogenous lipid pneumonia and also the first to describe the CT features in cats. Exogenous lipid pneumonia should be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of miliary ‘sponge-like’ mineral opacities in the dependent part of the lung lobes on thoracic radiographs or CT in cats, especially in cases of chronic constipation, previously exposed to mineral oil.

Regional differences in expansion in excised dog lung lobes

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1710-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Olson ◽  
J. R. Rodarte
Keyword(s):  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Topographical Orientation ◽  
Pleural Surface ◽  
Regional Lung ◽  
Airway Opening ◽  
Vertical Height ◽  
Lung Lobes

The position of small metallic markers embedded within the lung parenchyma and glued to the pleural surface of four excised right caudal dog lobes were determined during stepwise deflation from an airway opening pressure of 25 cmH2O in air-filled suspended lobes and 8 cmH2O in saline-filled lobes submerged in saline. Changes in the volumes of tetrahedrons formed by four noncoplanar markers were taken as regional lung volume changes at the centroids of the tetrahedron. In both air- and saline-filled lobes at all volumes below total lobe capacity (TLC) there was considerable variability in regional volume. The variability occurred at the first step below TLC and increased with deflation. Regions behaved consistently; regions that were proportionally larger or smaller than the overall lobe at any step tended to be larger or smaller, respectively, at all steps. There was a significant correlation between the regional behavior of the air- and saline-filled lobes. The variability of regional volume did not follow any clear topographical orientation. These results indicate there is considerable variability of lung compliance within small regions. This heterogeneity of regional parenchymal properties may be the anatomical basis of the nonuniformity of regional ventilation known to occur in intact animals and excised lobes within small regions at the same vertical height.

scholarly journals FRESH AIR: an implementation research project funded through Horizon 2020 exploring the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic respiratory diseases in low-resource settings

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza Cragg ◽  
◽  
Siân Williams ◽  
Niels H Chavannes
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Science Project ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases

Abstract This protocol describes FRESH AIR, an implementation science project exploring how to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic lung diseases in contexts with limited healthcare resources. It consists of inter-related studies that take place in four countries that are part of the International Primary Care Respiratory Group’s (IPCRG) global network: Uganda, the Kyrgyz Republic, Vietnam and Greece. The project has been funded by the European Commission Horizon 2020 research programme and runs from October 2015 until September 2018.

scholarly journals Detection and monitoring of localized matrix metalloproteinase upregulation in a murine model of asthma

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (8) ◽  
pp. L764-L774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csilla N. Felsen ◽  
Elamprakash N. Savariar ◽  
Michael Whitney ◽  
Roger Y. Tsien
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Cell Penetrating Peptides ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Extracellular Proteases ◽  
Gelatinase Activity ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases

Extracellular proteases including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are speculated to play a significant role in chronic lung diseases, such as asthma. Although increased protease expression has been correlated with lung pathogenesis, the relationship between localized enzyme activity and disease progression remains poorly understood. We report the application of MMP-2/9 activatable cell-penetrating peptides (ACPPs) and their ratiometric analogs (RACPPs) for in vivo measurement of protease activity and distribution in the lungs of mice that were challenged with the allergen ovalbumin. MMP-2/9 activity was increased greater than twofold in whole, dissected lungs from acutely challenged mice compared with control mice ( P = 1.8 × 10−4). This upregulation of MMP-2/9 activity was localized around inflamed airways with 1.6-fold higher protease-dependent ACPP uptake surrounding diseased airways compared with adjacent, pathologically normal lung parenchyma ( P = 0.03). MMP-2/9 activity detected by ACPP cleavage colocalized with gelatinase activity measured with in situ dye-quenched gelatin. For comparison, neutrophil elastase activity and thrombin activity, detected with elastase- and thrombin-cleavable RACPPs, respectively, were not significantly elevated in acutely allergen-challenged mouse lungs. The results demonstrate that ACPPs, like the MMP-2/9-activated and related ACPPs, allow for real-time detection of protease activity in a murine asthma model, which should improve our understanding of protease activation in asthma disease progression and help elucidate new therapy targets or act as a mechanism for therapeutic drug delivery.

Quantitative Morphology of Peracute Pulmonary Lesions in Swine Induced by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Platelet Volume ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Pulmonary Infarction ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Serotype 5 ◽  
Capillary Endothelial Cells ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Lung Lobes

Twenty-seven six-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated intratracheally with an isolate of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 (principles) of high virulence (I-200) or low virulence (B-8) or phosphate buffered saline (controls). Pigs given I-200 had severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia at three hours after inoculation; two of three pigs were dead by 24 hours after inoculation. Interalveolar septa in the caudal lung lobes were 41% thicker than septa from control pigs at three hours after inoculation and 79% thicker by 24 hours after inoculation. Interalveolar septal capillaries in caudal lung lobes were 10.2% larger than control capillaries at three hours after inoculation and 25.6% larger by 24 hours after inoculation. Interalveolar septal capillary platelet volume was greater than the platelet volume of controls; 70% of these platelets were aggregated. There was severe diffuse alveolar, interalveolar septal, and interlobular septal edema at three hours after inoculation with fibrin, neutrophils, and macrophages present in later samples. Thirty-three percent of the lung parenchyma was necrotic at 24 hours after inoculation. Endothelial cell degeneration was generally mild, but necrotic in regions of pulmonary infarction. Pigs inoculated with the B-8 isolate did not develop marked macroscopic lesions at any sampling time. Interalveolar septa were 18% thicker than controls nine hours after inoculation and 5% thicker at six and 24 hours after inoculation. Capillary platelet volume was greatest at nine hours after inoculation with 50% of these platelets aggregated; 30% of the platelet volume was aggregated at the 24-hour sample period. Moderate diffuse pulmonary and interlobular septal edema was present at three, six, and nine hours after inoculation, but absent 24 hours after inoculation. Intravascular macrophages were present in the six, nine, and 24-hour lung samples in both B-8 and I-200 inoculated pigs. These cells were adherent to interalveolar septal capillary endothelial cells and contained phagocytized cellular debris and fibrin. These results indicate the early effects of H., pleuropneumoniae infection involve macrophage and platelet activation, and a marked increase in interalveolar septal capillary permeability.

scholarly journals The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Chronic Respiratory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy T. Hsu ◽  
Timothy A. Gottschalk ◽  
Evelyn Tsantikos ◽  
Margaret L. Hibbs
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Innate Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Immune System

The lung is a vital mucosal organ that is constantly exposed to the external environment, and as such, its defenses are continuously under threat. The pulmonary immune system has evolved to sense and respond to these danger signals while remaining silent to innocuous aeroantigens. The origin of the defense system is the respiratory epithelium, which responds rapidly to insults by the production of an array of mediators that initiate protection by directly killing microbes, activating tissue-resident immune cells and recruiting leukocytes from the blood. At the steady-state, the lung comprises a large collection of leukocytes, amongst which are specialized cells of lymphoid origin known as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). ILCs are divided into three major helper-like subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3, which are considered the innate counterparts of type 1, 2 and 17 T helper cells, respectively, in addition to natural killer cells and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. Although ILCs represent a small fraction of the pulmonary immune system, they play an important role in early responses to pathogens and facilitate the acquisition of adaptive immunity. However, it is now also emerging that these cells are active participants in the development of chronic lung diseases. In this mini-review, we provide an update on our current understanding of the role of ILCs and their regulation in the lung. We summarise how these cells and their mediators initiate, sustain and potentially control pulmonary inflammation, and their contribution to the respiratory diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.

scholarly journals 571 Case of A Rare Presentation of Solitary Fibrous Tumour of the Pleura (SFTP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Ishak ◽  
N Kostoulas
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Risk ◽  
Tumour Mass ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Mediastinal Shift ◽  
Breath Sounds ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Double Space ◽  
Mitotic Figures

Abstract Presentation A 69-year-old male presented with rapidly worsening symptoms of breathlessness, productive cough, and weight loss. Examination revealed a deviated trachea, and no breath sounds on auscultation of the left side of the chest. Investigations Chest X-ray revealed a giant mass associated with a large pleural effusion, subtotal lung collapse and mediastinal shift. FEV1 was 39% predicted and DLCO 62% predicted. Management Due to the severity of presentation, urgent pleural inspection, drainage, and biopsy were carried out. Compression of the heart resulting in tamponade with increased heartrate and breathlessness was suspected Further investigations and management Pleural biopsies and pleural fluid cytology were negative for malignancy. PET-CT showed mild avidity. Definitive management was tumour mass resection via left double space open thoracotomy. Macroscopy/Microscopy/Immunohistopathology Intra-operatively, the tumour was giant, occupying three quarters of the chest cavity. It measured 21 × 14×8 cm. The whole lung was attached to the chest wall with adhesions. Microscopy revealed patternless architecture, high vascularity, hypercellularity, necrosis, elongated nuclei, pale cytoplasms and mitotic activity of 2-3 mitotic figures per 10-highpower-fields. Immunohistochemistry stained positive with CD34, BCL2, CD99, Ki-67 and STAT6. Diagnosis of SFT was suspected; malignant potential could not be predicted. Follow-up was with repeat CT scans for five years. Recurrence risk was given as 20%. Learning points

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