scholarly journals MicroRNAs in Autoimmune Diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zigang Qu ◽  
Wenhui Li ◽  
Baoquan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Persistent Inflammation ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Review Current

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are featured by body's immune responses being directed towards its own specific target organs or multiple organ systems, causing persistent inflammation and consequent tissue damage. miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs in a size of approximately 22 nt that play important regulatory roles in many organisms by cleavage or translational inhibition of targeted mRNAs. Many miRNAs are reported to be differentially expressed in ADs and may play a pivotal role in regulating immune responses and autoimmunity. In this review, current research progress in the miRNAs in ADs was elucidated.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles of conformation-stabilized canine distemper virus hemagglutinin are highly immunogenic and induce robust immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjian Dong ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Lili Shi ◽  
Bing Shen ◽  
Xianliang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
H Protein

Abstract Background Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection of ferrets, dogs, and giant pandas causes an acute systemic disease involving multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract, lymphoid system, and central nervous system. In this study, we tested a new candidate CDV vaccine-CDV nanoparticles-based on hemagglutinin protein. Methods The nanoparticles were generated from conformation-stabilized CDV hemagglutinin tetramers. Immune responses against CDV were evaluated in mice. Immunization was initiated 6 weeks after birth and boosted two times with 4-week intervals. The blood and mucosal samples were collected 2 weeks after each immunization. Results Vaccination with CDV nanoparticles elicited high levels of IgG antibody titers in mice (approximately sevenfold to eightfold higher than that obtained with soluble CDV H protein) and mucosal immune responses and developed increased CDV-specific neutralizing antibody. The mice that received nanoparticles showed significantly higher IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cell population in the spleen and lymph node compared with mice immunized with soluble H protein. The co-stimulatory molecular expression of CD80 and CD86 on the surface of DCs was also upregulated. Conclusion The results demonstrate that self-assembly into nanoparticles can increase the immunogenicity of vaccine antigens, and nanoparticles assembled from conformation-stabilized CDV H protein can serve as a new CDV vaccine.

scholarly journals An Overview of miRNAs Involved in PASMC Phenotypic Switching in Pulmonary Hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Weifang Zhang ◽  
Zeying Tao ◽  
Fei Xu ◽  
Qian Diao ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Phenotypic Switching ◽  
Pathological Feature ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Remodelling

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is occult, with no distinctive clinical manifestations and a poor prognosis. Pulmonary vascular remodelling is an important pathological feature in which pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) phenotypic switching plays a crucial role. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of evolutionarily highly conserved single-stranded small noncoding RNAs. An increasing number of studies have shown that miRNAs play an important role in the occurrence and development of PH by regulating PASMCs phenotypic switching, which is expected to be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of PH. miRNAs such as miR-221, miR-15b, miR-96, miR-24, miR-23a, miR-9, miR-214, and miR-20a can promote PASMCs phenotypic switching, while such as miR-21, miR-132, miR-449, miR-206, miR-124, miR-30c, miR-140, and the miR-17~92 cluster can inhibit it. The article reviews the research progress on growth factor-related miRNAs and hypoxia-related miRNAs that mediate PASMCs phenotypic switching in PH.

scholarly journals Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway in COVID-19-Dependent Musculoskeletal Pathology: A Minireview

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Sagar Vyavahare ◽  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
Nicholas Cantu ◽  
Ravindra Kolhe ◽  
Wendy B. Bollag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
System Biology ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Bone Biology ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pathology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affecting multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract and lungs. Several studies have reported that the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is altered in COVID-19 patients. The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway plays a vital role in regulating inflammation, metabolism, immune responses, and musculoskeletal system biology. In this minireview, we surmise the effects of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 patients and how this pathway might impact muscle and bone biology.

scholarly journals Immune Intervention in Sepsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Chen ◽  
Haiming Wei
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Organ Function ◽  
Immune Disorder ◽  
Technology Innovations ◽  
Detection Technology

Sepsis is a host immune disorder induced by infection. It can lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which has high morbidity and mortality. There has been great progress in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of sepsis, such as improvements in pathogen detection technology, innovations regarding anti-infection drugs, and the development of organ function support. Abnormal immune responses triggered by pathogens, ranging from excessive inflammation to immunosuppression, are recognized to be an important cause of the high mortality rate. However, no drugs have been approved specifically for treating sepsis. Here, we review the recent research progress on immune responses in sepsis to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of sepsis. Constructing and optimizing a dynamic immune system treatment regimen based on anti-infection treatment, fluid replacement, organ function support, and timely use of immunomodulatory interventions may improve the prognosis of sepsis patients.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Opportunities for Targeting microRNAs in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly Taylor ◽  
William Sciemann
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Tumor Promoters ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Potential Clinical Utility ◽  
Tumor Suppressive Mirnas ◽  
Review Current

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that can function as either powerful tumor promoters or suppressors in numerous types of cancer. The ability of miRs to target multiple genes and biological signaling pathways has created intense interest in their potential clinical utility as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers, and as innovative therapeutic agents. Recently, accumulating preclinical studies have illustrated the feasibility of slowing tumor progression by either overexpressing tumor suppressive miRNAs, or by neutralizing the activities of oncogenic miRNAs in cell- and animal-based models of cancer. Here we highlight prominent miRNAs that may represent potential therapeutic targets in human malignancies, as well as review current technologies available for inactivating or restoring miRNA activity in clinical settings.

Microprobe analysis of inclusion bodies related to two benzofuran derivatives

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
T. L. Benning ◽  
P. Ingram ◽  
J. D. Shelburne
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
High Dose ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Dense Inclusion ◽  
Melanin Complex

Two benzofuran derivatives, chlorpromazine and amiodarone, are known to produce inclusion bodies in human tissues. Prolonged high dose chlorpromazine therapy causes hyperpigmentation of the skin with electron-dense inclusion bodies present in dermal histiocytes and endothelial cells ultrastructurally. The nature of the deposits is not known although a drug-melanin complex has been hypothesized. Amiodarone may also cause cutaneous hyperpigmentation and lamellar lysosomal inclusion bodies have been demonstrated within the cells of multiple organ systems. These lamellar bodies are believed to be the product of an amiodarone-induced phospholipid storage disorder. We performed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDXA) on tissue samples from patients treated with these drugs, attempting to detect the sulfur atom of chlorpromazine and the iodine atom of amiodarone within their respective inclusion bodies.A skin biopsy from a patient with hyperpigmentation due to prolonged chlorpromazine therapy was fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde and processed without osmium tetroxide or en bloc uranyl acetate for Epon embedding.

Impairment Rating and Spinal Cord Injuries: Revisiting the Guides

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Richard T. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Impairment Ratings

Abstract This article addresses some criticisms of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) by comparing previously published outcome data from a group of complete spinal cord injury (SCI) persons with impairment ratings for a corresponding level of injury calculated using the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition. Results of the comparison show that impairment ratings using the sixth edition scale poorly with the level of impairments of activities of daily living (ADL) in SCI patients as assessed by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor scale and the extended FIM motor scale. Because of the combinations of multiple impairments, the AMA Guides potentially overrates the impairment of paraplegics compared with that of quadriplegics. The use and applicability of the Combined Values formula should be further investigated, and complete loss of function of two upper extremities seems consistent with levels of quadriplegia using the SCI model. Some aspects of the AMA Guides contain inconsistencies. The concept of diminishing impairment values is not easily translated between specific losses of function per organ system and “overall” loss of ADLs involving multiple organ systems, and the notion of “catastrophic thresholds” involving multiple organ systems may support the understanding that variations in rating may exist in higher rating cases such as those that involve an SCI.

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