scholarly journals Delta T: Polynomial Approximation of Time Period 1620–2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
M. Khalid ◽  
Mariam Sultana ◽  
Faheem Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Approximation ◽  
Universal Time ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
Length Of Day ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Dynamical Time ◽  
Orbital Determination ◽  
The Difference

The difference between the Uniform Dynamical Time and Universal Time is referred to as ΔT (delta T). Delta T is used in numerous astronomical calculations, that is, eclipses,and length of day. It is additionally required to reduce quantified positions of minor planets to a uniform timescale for the purpose of orbital determination. Since Universal Time is established on the basis of the variable rotation of planet Earth, the quantity ΔT mirrors the unevenness of that rotation, and so it changes slowly, but rather irregularly, as time passes. We have worked on empirical formulae for estimating ΔT and have discovered a set of polynomials of the 4th order with nine intervals which is accurate within the range of ±0.6 seconds for the duration of years 1620–2013.

scholarly journals Large numbers of vertebrates began rapid population decline in the late 19th century

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (49) ◽  
pp. 14079-14084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haipeng Li ◽  
Jinggong Xiang-Yu ◽  
Guangyi Dai ◽  
Zhili Gu ◽  
Chen Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Difference

Accelerated losses of biodiversity are a hallmark of the current era. Large declines of population size have been widely observed and currently 22,176 species are threatened by extinction. The time at which a threatened species began rapid population decline (RPD) and the rate of RPD provide important clues about the driving forces of population decline and anticipated extinction time. However, these parameters remain unknown for the vast majority of threatened species. Here we analyzed the genetic diversity data of nuclear and mitochondrial loci of 2,764 vertebrate species and found that the mean genetic diversity is lower in threatened species than in related nonthreatened species. Our coalescence-based modeling suggests that in many threatened species the RPD began ∼123 y ago (a 95% confidence interval of 20–260 y). This estimated date coincides with widespread industrialization and a profound change in global living ecosystems over the past two centuries. On average the population size declined by ∼25% every 10 y in a threatened species, and the population size was reduced to ∼5% of its ancestral size. Moreover, the ancestral size of threatened species was, on average, ∼22% smaller than that of nonthreatened species. Because the time period of RPD is short, the cumulative effect of RPD on genetic diversity is still not strong, so that the smaller ancestral size of threatened species may be the major cause of their reduced genetic diversity; RPD explains 24.1–37.5% of the difference in genetic diversity between threatened and nonthreatened species.

scholarly journals A Sociolinguistic Study of Choosing Names for Newborn Children in Jordan

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Harb Al-Qawasmi ◽  
Fawwaz Al-Abed Al-Haq
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
The People ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Clear Change

<p>This study aims at the study of newborn names in Jordan of a sociolinguistic perspective. This study tries to detect the difference in naming newborns in Jordan over the decades - from the seventies to 2015 due to the result of some factors that may have affected the Jordanian society, whether historical, religious and/or social. The data necessary to complete the study was obtained from the Civil Status Department and the Department of Statistics. The data obtained consisted of names of both sexes during the time period from the seventies until the early year of 2015, a random sample of personal names within the same family were also provided. The data was analyzed quantitatively. The study revealed that there is a clear change in the choice of newborn names-male and female-in Jordan, whether a change in sounds or in morphemes. In specific, names during the seventies were strongly linked to the culture and the values, religious or social, in which the people believed in. During the eighties and nineties, names were associated with certain social values, however, some names were shown to be affected by urbanization or modernization. And with the beginning of 2000 up to 2015, peoples directions towards naming newborns changed due to the advent of globalization, associating with development and urbanization, and moreover, the influence of different cultures on the community.</p>

scholarly journals An alternative way to evaluate chemistry-transport model variability

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1199-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Menut ◽  
Sylvain Mailler ◽  
Bertrand Bessagnet ◽  
Guillaume Siour ◽  
Augustin Colette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Error Statistics ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Model Variability ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Statistical Indicators

Abstract. A simple and complementary model evaluation technique for regional chemistry transport is discussed. The methodology is based on the concept that we can learn about model performance by comparing the simulation results with observational data available for time periods other than the period originally targeted. First, the statistical indicators selected in this study (spatial and temporal correlations) are computed for a given time period, using colocated observation and simulation data in time and space. Second, the same indicators are used to calculate scores for several other years while conserving the spatial locations and Julian days of the year. The difference between the results provides useful insights on the model capability to reproduce the observed day-to-day and spatial variability. In order to synthesize the large amount of results, a new indicator is proposed, designed to compare several error statistics between all the years of validation and to quantify whether the period and area being studied were well captured by the model for the correct reasons.

scholarly journals On the valuation of economic goods

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Wojciech Giza
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Good ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Economic Goods ◽  
Philosophy And Economics ◽  
The Way

The presented study includes an analysis of the category of “good” on the basis of philosophy and economics. Particular attention was paid here to the factors determining the monetary value (price) of an economic good. While achieving the assumed objective of the research, answers to the following questions were sought: What is the difference, therefore, in the interpretation of good as an axiological category and good which economics deals with? What is the basis for the valuation of goods which are the subject of economic analysis? While seeking answers to these questions, an attempt was made to justify the thesis according to which contemporary understanding of the way the market valuates goods is limited to accepting the price understood as a variable representing a kind of relationship set in a given time period.

scholarly journals Treatment of Severe Cancer Pain by Transdermal Fentanyl

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-164
Author(s):  
Dženita Ljuca ◽  
Samir Husić
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metastasis ◽  
Breakthrough Pain ◽  
Initial Dosage ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Opiate Analgesic

The goal of research was to determine the frequency, intensity, time of occurrence, duration and causes of breakthrough pain (BTP) in patients whose carcinoma pain was treated by transdermal fentanyl. (TDF). A prospective study was conducted in a hospice for recumbent patients of the Centre for Palliative Care (hospice) University Clinical Centre Tuzla from October 2009 to December 2010. 33 patients in terminal stage of carcinoma, who had been treated by transdermal fentanyl due to their excruciating pain (7-10 mark on numerica! scale) with initial dosage of 25 μg as a strong opiate analgesic, were monitored within the time period of 10 days. In the statistics we used the even T - test, the Wilcox test and Mann -Whitney test. The difference was seen to be significant at p < 0,05. Treatment by transdermal fentanyl significantly reduces the intensity of strong carcinoma pain (p < 0.0001), with a frequent requirement for dose increase with bone metastasis. The intensity of BTP is higher compared to the pain experienced upon reception. The frequency and intensity of BTP are significantly reduced already in the second day of treatment by transdermal fentanyl (p = 0,0024). The BTP is most intense in patients with neck and head tumours (9,26 ± 0,66), and most frequent with abdomen and pelvic tumour. The biggest number of BTP (68.3 %) occurs within first three days of treatment. BTP most frequently occurs in the evening or at night (between 18:00 and 06:00 h in 62,2 % of the cases), with the duration of usually less than 15 minutes (65,2% of the cases). In 61,6 % cases the occurrence of BTP is related to physical activities or psychosocial incidents, while the cause is undetermined in 38,4 % of examinees.BTP is most frequent within first three days of treatment by TDF. Using the optimal dosage a good control of carcinoma pain is enabled, regardless of the occurrence of bone metastasis, while it also helps reduce the frequency and intensity of BTP.

scholarly journals Depression and Anxiety among University Students: a Comparison Between COVID-19 Pandemic Panic Period and Post-Panic Period in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gowranga Kumar Paul ◽  
Meshbahur Rahman ◽  
Shayla Naznin ◽  
Mashfiqul Haq Chowdhury ◽  
Md Jamal Uddin
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The University

Abstract Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest public health concern. It harmed everyone, both physically and mentally. Because of panic situations in COVID-19 pandemic, students all over the world, including those in Bangladesh, are suffering from depression and anxiety. Considering this, we aimed to assess psycho-emotional changes of the university students through investigating their level of depression and anxiety effects during panic and post-panic period of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.Methods: Cross-sectional online surveys were conducted among university students in Bangladesh from April to July 2020 (panic period, n=170) and then from August to November 2020 (post-panic period, n=170). The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 questionnaires were used to assess respondents' depression and anxiety levels, respectively. We used continuous scores to assess the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms. We also computed binary depression and anxiety scores. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. Results: The proportion of depression symptoms was 49.4% during the panic period and 52.4% after the panic period. Anxiety symptoms were experienced by 38.2% of students during the panic period, and this percentage was nearly identical in the post-panic interval. Depression levels increased in the post-panic period and urban students have significantly (P< 0.05) higher levels of depression and anxiety than their counterparts. Female students also exhibited significantly more anxious symptoms (p=0.002) than male. Depression symptoms significantly vary by family types, students place of residence whereas students age, gender, education, family head's occupation, time period and family economic condition found no significant association with the depression.Conclusions: Students during the post-panic period have a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms than during the panic period. Although the difference was small, it was still concerning for university students in Bangladesh because it interfered with their academic life.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KETERLAMBATAN PROYEK SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP BIAYA DAN WAKTU PELAKSANAAN PROYEK

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Fitri Nur Kharina ◽  
Kusno Adi Sambowo
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Earned Value ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Review Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Construction projects in all regions continues to be developed for the creation of facilities that can be utilized by the community. One of them is the construction of apartments which are now being intensively carried out to meet residential needs for the community. Making a construction project plan always refers to estimates that exist at the time development plan is made, therefore problems can arise if there is a discrepancy between the plans that have been made and the actual reality. So the impact that often occurs is the delay in the time of project implementation which can also be accompanied by an increase in the cost of implementing the project. In the construction project of Cinere Terrace Suites Apartemen & Citywalk, Jakarta there was a delay resulting in a late payment of monthly bill progress by the owner. Based on the above reasons, this research was conducted to find out how the project performance was seen from the cost and time period of the review period. how is the estimated cost and time to complete the overall project work. The method used in the analysis of this study is the Earned Value Method. Based on the results of the analysis carried out for 29 weeks the project performance on schedule has been delayed and cost shows a positive value. For the estimated completion time of the project there is an increase in time whose duration increases from the planned 98 weeks or 685 days to 109,624 weeks or 768 days. While the estimated cost of completing the project from the results of the analysis obtained a value of Rp. 270,147,448,569.16 smaller than the planned cost of Rp. 315,272,727,272.73. With the difference VAC of Rp. 45,125,278,703.57 this shows that there are benefits obtained by the contractor.

Measurement of pulmonary blood flow during exercise using nitrous oxide

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret R. Becklake ◽  
C. J. Varvis ◽  
L. D. Pengelly ◽  
S. Kenning ◽  
M. McGregor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pulmonary Capillary Blood ◽  
The Difference

Pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) in the exercising subject was calculated from the rate of disappearance of N2O during steady state breathing of an N2O-He-O2 mixture. Measurements were made after alveolar rinsing (reciprocal of N2 washout) had occurred, and up to 30 sec, a time period accompanied by minimal recirculation, since FaNN2O during this period did not rise significantly. Repeatability of the method, judged as the difference of a second estimate from a first on the same subject, was comparable to that reported for the direct Fick technique in resting subjects (31 of 33 paired observations agreed within 20%). Results over a wide range agreed with almost simultaneous measurements by a dye dilution technique (24 of 26 paired observations agreed within 20%), and when related to pulse rate and to Vo2, were comparable to those of the other workers whose subjects were studied in a similar posture. Indeed, this technique (using the indirect Fick principle under “steady state” conditions) probably attains its greatest accuracy during exercise when other methods become less easily applicable. Submitted on December 18, 1961

scholarly journals A nudging-based data assimilation method: the Back and Forth Nudging (BFN) algorithm

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Auroux ◽  
J. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Variational Method ◽  
Burgers Equation ◽  
Reconstruction Error ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Reference Trajectory ◽  
Discrete Observations ◽  
Lorenz Model ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. This paper deals with a new data assimilation algorithm, called Back and Forth Nudging. The standard nudging technique consists in adding to the equations of the model a relaxation term that is supposed to force the observations to the model. The BFN algorithm consists in repeatedly performing forward and backward integrations of the model with relaxation (or nudging) terms, using opposite signs in the direct and inverse integrations, so as to make the backward evolution numerically stable. This algorithm has first been tested on the standard Lorenz model with discrete observations (perfect or noisy) and compared with the variational assimilation method. The same type of study has then been performed on the viscous Burgers equation, comparing again with the variational method and focusing on the time evolution of the reconstruction error, i.e. the difference between the reference trajectory and the identified one over a time period composed of an assimilation period followed by a prediction period. The possible use of the BFN algorithm as an initialization for the variational method has also been investigated. Finally the algorithm has been tested on a layered quasi-geostrophic model with sea-surface height observations. The behaviours of the two algorithms have been compared in the presence of perfect or noisy observations, and also for imperfect models. This has allowed us to reach a conclusion concerning the relative performances of the two algorithms.

scholarly journals Modeling of public transport waiting time indicator for the transport network of a large city

2018 ◽  
Vol 224 ◽  
pp. 04018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Lebedeva ◽  
Marina Kripak
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Large City ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Bus Stops ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Expected Waiting Time

The need to develop and improve public passenger transport in major cities was noted. It was reflected that waiting time at bus stops is one of the factors that have a big impact on the passenger quality assessment of transport services. The results of an empirical study of the actual and anticipated waiting time at bus stops were given. It was noted that the reliability functions were used in the field of ride duration modeling, traffic restoration time after an accident, and length of making the decision to travel. The waiting time distribution functions using the lognormal function and the Weibull function were chosen. The results of modeling were objective, the dependent variables in it were the expected waiting time of passengers and the difference between the anticipated and the actual waiting time. The explanatory variables were sex, age, time period, purpose of the trip and the actual waiting time. The results of the research showed that the age, purpose of the trip and the time period influence the waiting time perception, prolong it and lead to its reassessment.

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