scholarly journals Bisphosphonate Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: An Update on Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Rasmusson ◽  
Jahan Abtahi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Osteomyelitis ◽  
Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽  
Bisphosphonate Treatment ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
The World ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Tooth Extractions

Osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients treated with bisphosphonates is a relatively rare but well known complication at maxillofacial units around the world. It has been speculated that the medication, especially long-term i.v. bisphosphonate treatment, could cause sterile necrosis of the jaws. The aim of this narrative review of the literature was to elaborate on the pathological mechanisms behind the condition and also to gather an update on incidence, risk factors, and treatment of bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. In total, ninety-one articles were reviewed. All were published in internationally recognized journals with referee systems. We can conclude that necrotic lesions in the jaw seem to be following upon exposure of bone, for example, after tooth extractions, while other interventions like implant placement do not increase the risk of osteonecrosis. Since exposure to the bacterial environment in the oral cavity seems essential for the development of necrotic lesions, we believe that the condition is in fact chronic osteomyelitis and should be treated accordingly.

Bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the ear canal: our experience and a review of the literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
L McCadden ◽  
C G Leonard ◽  
W J Primrose
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Bisphosphonate Treatment ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractBackground:Oesophageal disorders and osteonecrosis of the jaw are recognised complications of the commonly prescribed medication bisphosphonate. Despite these diagnoses being seen comparatively frequently within the ENT clinic, osteonecrosis of the external ear is a less well reported complication.Methods:The current literature is reviewed and our experience with six cases of bisphosphonate-related ear canal osteonecrosis is presented.Results:Six cases were identified as suffering from ear canal osteonecrosis as a result of bisphosphonate treatment. One of our cases suffered bilateral ear canal osteonecrosis after only 20 months of oral alendronic acid treatment. Management ranged from bisphosphonate cessation and topical treatment, to surgical debridement in the operating theatre.Conclusion:Bisphosphonate-related ear canal osteonecrosis is undoubtedly under-diagnosed. For such a commonly prescribed medication, the risks and side effects of bisphosphonate should be better known and long-term treatment should be avoided if possible.

scholarly journals A review of post infectious pulmonary fibrosis in the era of COVID-19 and potential treatment options

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (40) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Medha Ghose ◽  
Maehali Patel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Pulmonary Injury ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Infectious

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a statement characterizing COVID-19 as a pandemic that has, as of October 2020, caused almost 36 million confirmed global cases and over 1 million deaths. One of the long-term complications suggested by researchers is fibrosis. It has been hypothesized that the combination of ongoing pulmonary injury caused by COVID-19 and the inability to promptly repair damage results in interstitial matrix widening and eventual compression and destruction of alveoli and capillaries. Here we focus on pathogenesis, risk factors, different infectious causes of fibrosis along with COVID-19, and potential treatment options that might reduce its effects. Key words: COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, mechanism, treatment

scholarly journals The long-term effects of modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors of stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 4626
Author(s):  
Khaled M. Hassan ◽  
Asala M. Wafa ◽  
Manea S. Alosaimi ◽  
Kawthar A. Bokari ◽  
Mosab A. Alsobhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Stroke is a major cerebrovascular disease causes high mortality and morbidity in people around the world. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of adult disability. The largest country in the middle East, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), has been occupying approximately four-fifths of the Arabian Peninsula supporting a population of more than 28 million. Stroke is getting to be a quickly expanding issue and is the leading cause of illness and deaths in Saudi Arabia. It is clear that researches and studies regarding the incidence, prevalence and their sociodemographic properties of stroke is still incomplete due to lack of present studies being conducted in these specified areas. This article aims to discuss the aspect of stroke in Saudi Arabia beside the effects of modifiable and the non-modifiable risk factors from the literature published. 

Postoperative flat anterior chamber: incidence, risk factors, and effect on the long-term success of trabeculectomy

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 520-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Ono ◽  
Kenya Yuki ◽  
Daisuke Shiba ◽  
Takayuki Abe ◽  
Keisuke Kouyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anterior Chamber ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Flat Anterior Chamber

Acute kidney injury following coronary angiography: a nationwide study of incidence, risk factors and long-term outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dadi Helgason ◽  
Thorir E. Long ◽  
Solveig Helgadottir ◽  
Runolfur Palsson ◽  
Gisli H. Sigurdsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Coronary Angiography ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Nationwide Study ◽  
Incidence Risk

scholarly journals Incidence, risk factors, and longitudinal outcome of seizures in long-term survivors of pediatric brain tumors

Epilepsia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1599-1604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Ullrich ◽  
Scott L. Pomeroy ◽  
Kush Kapur ◽  
Peter E. Manley ◽  
Liliana C. Goumnerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Pediatric Brain Tumors ◽  
Longitudinal Outcome ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Long Term Survivors ◽  
Pediatric Brain

Tachycardiomyopathy Complicated by Focal Atrial Tachycardia: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Long-Term Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 953-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEIZHU JU ◽  
BING YANG ◽  
MINGFANG LI ◽  
FENGXIANG ZHANG ◽  
HONGWU CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Tachycardia ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Focal Atrial Tachycardia

Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Multiple Myeloma Patients: Clinical Features and Risk Factors

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Badros ◽  
Dianna Weikel ◽  
Andrew Salama ◽  
Olga Goloubeva ◽  
Abraham Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽  
Bisphosphonate Therapy ◽  
Dental Extraction ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
Pathologic Features ◽  
Mixed Bacteria

Purpose To describe the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features and risk factors for osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Patients and Methods A retrospective review of 90 MM patients who had dental assessments, including 22 patients with ONJ. There were 62 men; the median age was 61 years in ONJ patients and 58 years among the rest. Prior MM therapy included thalidomide (n = 67) and stem-cell transplantation (n = 72). Bisphosphonate therapy included zoledronate (n = 34) or pamidronate (n = 17) and pamidronate followed by zoledronate (n = 33). Twenty-seven patients had recent dental extraction, including 12 patients in the ONJ group. Median time from MM diagnosis to ONJ was 8.4 years for the whole group. Results Patients usually presented with pain. ONJ occurred posterior to the cuspids (n = 20) mostly in the mandible. Debridement and sequestrectomy with primary closure were performed in 14 patients; of these, four patients had major infections and four patients had recurrent ONJ. Bone histology revealed necrosis and osteomyelitis. Microbiology showed actinomycetes (n = 7) and mixed bacteria (n = 9). More than a third of ONJ patients also suffered from long bone fractures (n = 4) and/or avascular necrosis of the hip (n = 4). The variables predictive of developing ONJ were dental extraction (P = .009), treatment with pamidronate/zoledronate (P = .009), longer follow-up time (P = .03), and older age at diagnosis of MM (P = .006). Conclusion ONJ appears to be time-dependent with higher risk after long-term use of bisphosphonates in older MM patients often after dental extractions. No satisfactory therapy is currently available. Trials addressing the benefits/risks of continuing bisphosphonate therapy are needed.

scholarly journals Obesity and kidney disease: Hidden consequences of the epidemic

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
CP Kovesdy ◽  
S Furth ◽  
C Zoccali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
High Body Mass Index ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Intraglomerular Pressure ◽  
New Onset

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and its prevalence has been projected to grow by 40% in the next decade. This increasing prevalence has implications for the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and also for chronic kidney disease (CKD). A high body mass index is one of the strongest risk factors for new-onset CKD. In individuals affected by obesity, a compensatory hyperfiltration occurs to meet the heightened metabolic demands of the increased body weight. The increase in intraglomerular pressure can damage the kidneys and raise the risk of developing CKD in the long-term. The incidence of obesity-related glomerulopathy has increased tenfold in recent years. Obesity has also been shown to be a risk factor for nephrolithiasis, and for a number of malignancies including kidney cancer. This year the World Kidney Day promotes education on the harmful consequences of obesity and its association with kidney disease, advocating healthy lifestyle, and health policy measures that makes preventive behaviors an affordable option.

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