scholarly journals A Study of Correlations among Image Resolution, Reaction Time, and Extent of Motion in Remote Motor Interactions

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zoltán Rusák ◽  
Adrie Kooijman ◽  
Yu Song ◽  
Jouke Verlinden ◽  
Imre Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Small Motion ◽  
Reaction Type ◽  
Virtual Sculpting ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Image Details ◽  
Motor Interaction

Motor interaction in virtual sculpting, dance trainings, and physiological rehabilitation requires close virtual proximity of users, which may be hindered by low resolution of images and system latency. This paper reports on the results of our investigation aiming to explore the pros and cons of using ultrahigh 4K resolution displays (4096 × 2160 pixels) in remote motor interaction. 4K displays are able to overcome the problem of visible pixels and they are able to show more accurate image details on the level of textures, shadows, and reflections. It was our assumption that such image details can not only satisfy visual comfort of the users, but also provide detailed visual cues and improve the reaction time of users in motor interaction. To validate this hypothesis, we explored the relationships between the reaction time of subjects responding to a series of action-reaction type of games and resolution of the image used in an experiment. The results of our experiment showed that the subjects’ reaction time is significantly shorter in 4K images than in HD or VGA images in motor interaction with small motion envelope.

Covert orienting of attention in macaques. II. Contributions of parietal cortex

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 698-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Robinson ◽  
E. M. Bowman ◽  
C. Kertzman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Visual Targets

1. To understand some of the contributions of parietal cortex to the dynamics of visual spatial attention, we recorded from cortical cells of monkeys performing attentional tasks. We studied 484 neurons in the intraparietal sulcus and adjacent gyral tissue of two monkeys. We measured phasic responses to peripheral visual stimuli while the monkeys attended toward or away from the stimuli or when attention was not controlled. Neurons were tested while the monkeys gazed at a spot of light (simple fixation task), actively attended to a foveal target (foveal attention task), performed a reaction time task (cued reaction time task), made saccadic eye movements to visual targets (saccade task), or responded to a repetitious peripheral target (probability task). 2. In a previous paper we demonstrated that monkeys, like humans, responded more quickly to visual targets when the targets followed briefly flashed visual cues (validly cued targets) (Bowman et al. 1993). It has been hypothesized that the cue attracts attention to its locus and results in faster reaction times (Posner 1980). In the present physiological studies, visual cues consistently excited these neurons when they were flashed in the receptive field. Such activity might signal a shift of attention. Visual targets that fell within the receptive field and that immediately followed the cue evoked relatively weak responses. This response was due to a relative refractory period. 3. Next we tested attentional processes in these tasks that were independent of the visual response to the cue. We placed the cue outside of the receptive field and the target within the receptive field. We found that 23% of these cells had a significant decrease in their firing rate to validly cued targets in their receptive fields under these conditions. Strong responses were evoked by the same target when the cue was flashed in the opposite hemifield (invalidly cued targets). Thus this group of neurons responded best when attention was directed toward the opposite hemifield. 4. For another group of parietal cells (13%) there was an enhanced response to targets in the visual receptive field when the cue was in the same hemifield. For the remaining 64% of the cells there was no significant modulation in this task. 5. The cued reaction time task involved exogenous control of attention; the sensory cue gave spatial and temporal direction to attention. We used several other tasks to test for endogenous control of attention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Delineation as Road Signing: A Study of Visual Cues on Rural Roads at Night

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 449-451
Author(s):  
T. J. Triggs ◽  
W. G. Harris ◽  
B. N. Fildes
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Types Of Information

Formal delineation schemes on rural roads need to supply several types of information to the driver under night conditions. He needs longer-term delineation information or reasonable preview in order to plan ahead on approach to curves. The experiment reported explored the effect of various delineation schemes, road contour, distance to the curve, and the curve direction of turn under two reaction time instructional conditions. The results demonstrated that road-side post delineation provides effective information of this type, while no benefit was found from edgelining. Right-hand curves were responded to faster and were more easily detected than left-handers.* Several interesting interactions were found between the factors studied.

scholarly journals Transient Fluorescence Labeling: Low Affinity—High Benefits

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11799
Author(s):  
Maxim M. Perfilov ◽  
Alexey S. Gavrikov ◽  
Konstantin A. Lukyanov ◽  
Alexander S. Mishin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Stimulated Emission ◽  
Fluorescence Labeling ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Affinity Labels ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Pros And Cons

Fluorescent labeling is an established method for visualizing cellular structures and dynamics. The fundamental diffraction limit in image resolution was recently bypassed with the development of super-resolution microscopy. Notably, both localization microscopy and stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy impose tight restrictions on the physico-chemical properties of labels. One of them—the requirement for high photostability—can be satisfied by transiently interacting labels: a constant supply of transient labels from a medium replenishes the loss in the signal caused by photobleaching. Moreover, exchangeable tags are less likely to hinder the intrinsic dynamics and cellular functions of labeled molecules. Low-affinity labels may be used both for fixed and living cells in a range of nanoscopy modalities. Nevertheless, the design of optimal labeling and imaging protocols with these novel tags remains tricky. In this review, we highlight the pros and cons of a wide variety of transiently interacting labels. We further discuss the state of the art and future perspectives of low-affinity labeling methods.

Preferential activity of dentate neurons during limb movements guided by vision

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2660-2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mushiake ◽  
P. L. Strick
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Dentate Nucleus ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Peak Activity ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Pointing Movements ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Exclusive Or

1. We recorded the activity of dentate neurons while monkeys (n = 2) performed sequential pointing movements under two task conditions: visually guided and remembered. For both conditions, a monkey faced a panel with five touch pads. The animal began a trial by placing his right hand on a hold key in front of him. In the Remembered Sequence Task, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) over three touch pads were illuminated in a sequence as an instruction to the monkey. At the end of a variable instruction period, an auditory “Go” signal told the monkey to release the hold key and press the touch pads according to the instructed sequence. In the Tracking Task, the monkey was required to press three touch pads immediately after the LED over each of them was illuminated. 2. We recorded from 172 neurons in the dentate that showed task-related changes in activity during the reaction time (RT) period (i.e., the interval between the onset of the Go signal and the release of the hold key). Approximately 40% of these neurons were considered task-dependent because they displayed exclusive or enhanced (> +/- 50%) changes in peak activity during the RT period for one of the two task conditions. Almost 80% of the task-dependent neurons displayed exclusive or enhanced activity changes during the Tracking Task. Many of these neurons were located ventral and lateral to dentate neurons, which were not task-dependent. 3. These results suggest that a portion of the dentate nucleus is preferentially involved in the generation and/or guidance of movement based on visual cues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Conceptual Binding: Integrated Visual Cues Reduce Processing Costs in Bimanual Movements

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wenderoth ◽  
M. Van Dooren ◽  
A. Vandebroek ◽  
J. De Vos ◽  
S. Vangheluwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Bimanual Movements ◽  
Bimanual Control ◽  
Common Response ◽  
Computational Resources ◽  
Symbolic Cues

In discrete reaction time (RT) tasks, it has been shown that nonsymmetric bimanual movements are initiated slower than symmetric movements in response to symbolic cues. By contrast, no such RT differences are found in response to direct cues (“direct cue effect”). Here, we report three experiments showing that the direct cue effect generalizes to rhythmical bimanual movements and that RT cost depends on different cue features: 1) symbolic versus direct or 2) integrated (i.e., action of both hands is indicated as one entity) versus dissociated (i.e., action of each hand is indicated separately). Our main finding was that dissociated symbolic cues were most likely processed serially, resulting in the longest RTs, which were substantially reduced with integrated symbolic cues. However, extra RT costs for switching to nonsymmetrical bimanual movements were overcome only when the integrated cues were direct. We conclude that computational resources might have been exceeded when the response needs to be determined for each hand separately, but not when a common response for both hands is selected. This supports the idea that bimanual control benefits from conceptual binding.

Bimanual Interference in Rapid Discrete Movements Is Task Specific and Occurs at Multiple Levels of Processing

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 1861-1868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhvinder S. Obhi ◽  
Melvyn A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Discrete Movements ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Bimanual Movements ◽  
Simultaneous Activation ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Right ◽  
Symbolic Cues

It has been suggested that interference in symbolically cued bimanual reaction time tasks is caused primarily by the perceptual processing of stimuli and not by motor preparation of the required movements. Here subjects made movements of the right and left index fingers that varied in their spatial and motor congruence. Spatial congruence was manipulated by presenting symbolic cues (i.e., pairs of letters) on a computer screen cueing the required movement directions. Motor congruence was manipulated by altering hand orientation. Results showed that interference occurs at both the stage of stimulus processing and the stage of motor preparation. These effects were reflected in the latencies of the different bimanual movements with both motor incongruence and spatial incongruence causing significant increases in reaction time. However, spatially incongruent movements that were made in response to incongruent visual cues demonstrated changes in reaction time that were more than double those of movements that required simultaneous activation of nonhomologous muscles. Therefore in symbolically cued bimanual reaction-time tasks, although both motor and spatial constraints operate, there is a clear dominance of spatial incongruence on performance. While motor congruence effects are likely due to cross-facilitation in corticospinal pathways, spatial incongruence effects are probably due to interference between the mechanisms that identify incongruent stimuli and translate these cues into the appropriate movements.

scholarly journals Enhancement of loudness discrimination acuity for self-generated sound is independent of musical experience

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260859
Author(s):  
Nozomi Endo ◽  
Takayuki Ito ◽  
Katsumi Watanabe ◽  
Kimitaka Nakazawa
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Musical Experience ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Fundamental Function ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Motor Interaction

Musicians tend to have better auditory and motor performance than non-musicians because of their extensive musical experience. In a previous study, we established that loudness discrimination acuity is enhanced when sound is produced by a precise force generation task. In this study, we compared the enhancement effect between experienced pianists and non-musicians. Without the force generation task, loudness discrimination acuity was better in pianists than non-musicians in the condition. However, the force generation task enhanced loudness discrimination acuity similarly in both pianists and non-musicians. The reaction time was also reduced with the force control task, but only in the non-musician group. The results suggest that the enhancement of loudness discrimination acuity with the precise force generation task is independent of musical experience and is, therefore, a fundamental function in auditory-motor interaction.

Examining the Effect of Grouping Border Type on Visual Search Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (18) ◽  
pp. 1191-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Single Character ◽  
Global Perception ◽  
The Individual

Past research has shown that enclosing a group of items within a border can actually slow the reaction time of individuals during search tasks. Navon (1977) and Mermelstein, Banks, & Prinzmetal (1979) suggested that individual components are “hidden” within a larger group formed by borders because global perception comes before perception of the individual items. This study tried to identify the minimal visual cues needed to effectively produce perception of grouping. Different border types, including solid lines, dashed lines, and simple chevrons were manipulated in order to assess how quickly subjects can detect targets within groups. Results indicated that the single character condition was significantly faster than the double and triple character conditions. In addition, the Full Border condition was also significantly faster than the 1:3 Ratio Border condition.

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