scholarly journals Importance of Diversity in the Oral Microbiota includingCandidaSpecies Revealed by High-Throughput Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaki Cho ◽  
Jun-ichi Nagao ◽  
Rieko Imayoshi ◽  
Yoshihiko Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Diseased State

Taking advantage of high-throughput technologies, deep sequencing of the human microbiome has revealed commensal bacteria independent of the ability to culture them. The composition of the commensal microbiome is dependent on bacterial diversity and the state of the host regulated by the immune system.Candidaspecies are well known as components of the commensal oral microbiota.Candidaspecies frequently colonize and develop biofilms on medical devices like dentures and catheters. Therefore,Candidabiofilm on dentures leads to a decrease in the bacterial diversity and then to a change in the composition of the oral microbiota. A disturbance in the balance between commensal bacteria and the host immune system results in a switch from a healthy state to a diseased state even in the limited oral niche.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Networks Linking Oral Microbiome with Systemic Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Kleinstein ◽  
K.E. Nelson ◽  
M. Freire
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Active Research ◽  
Diseased State ◽  
Systemic Health

The dance between microbes and the immune system takes place in all biological systems, including the human body, but this interaction is especially complex in the primary gateway to the body: the oral cavity. Recent advances in technology have enabled deep sequencing and analysis of members and signals of these communities. In a healthy state, the oral microbiome is composed of commensals, and their genes and phenotypes may be selected by the immune system to survive in symbiosis. These highly regulated signals are modulated by a network of microbial and host metabolites. However, in a diseased state, host-microbial networks lead to dysbiosis and considerable burden to the host prior to systemic impact that extends beyond the oral compartment. Interestingly, we presented data demonstrating similarities between human and mice immune dysbiosis and discussed how this affects the host response to similar pathobionts. The host and microbial signatures of a number of disease states are currently being examined to identify potential correlations. How the oral microbiome interacts with inflammation and the immune system to cause disease remains an area of active research. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding the role of oral microbiota in mediating inflammation and altering systemic health and disease. In line with these findings, it is possible that existing conditions may be resolved by targeting specific immune-microbial markers in a positive way.

scholarly journals CandidaBiofilms and the Host: Models and New Concepts for Eradication

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Tournu ◽  
Patrick Van Dijck
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Lock Therapy

Biofilms define mono- or multispecies communities embedded in a self-produced protective matrix, which is strongly attached to surfaces. They often are considered a general threat not only in industry but also in medicine. They constitute a permanent source of contamination, and they can disturb the proper usage of the material onto which they develop. This paper relates to some of the most recent approaches that have been elaborated to eradicateCandidabiofilms, based on the vast effort put in ever-improving models of biofilm formationin vitroandin vivo, including novel flow systems, high-throughput techniques and mucosal models. Mixed biofilms, sustaining antagonist or beneficial cooperation between species, and their interplay with the host immune system are also prevalent topics. Alternative strategies against biofilms include the lock therapy and immunotherapy approaches, and material coating and improvements. The host-biofilm interactions are also discussed, together with their potential applications inCandidabiofilm elimination.

scholarly journals Human Breast Milk Bacteriome in Health and Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ojo-Okunola ◽  
Mark Nicol ◽  
Elloise du Toit
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Diseased State ◽  
Micro Organisms

It is well-known that, beyond nutritional components, human breast milk (HBM) contains a wide variety of non-nutritive bio-factors perfectly suited for the growing infant. In the pre-2000 era, HBM was considered sterile and devoid of micro-organisms. Though HBM was not included as part of the human microbiome project launched in 2007, great strides have been made in studying the bacterial diversity of HBM in both a healthy state and diseased state, and in understanding their role in infant health. HBM provides a vast array of beneficial micro-organisms that play a key role in colonizing the infant’s mucosal system, including that of the gut. They also have a role in priming the infant’s immune system and supporting its maturation. In this review, we provide an in-depth and updated insight into the immunomodulatory, metabolic, and anti-infective role of HBM bacteriome (bacterial community) and its effect on infant health. We also provide key information from the literature by exploring the possible origin of microbial communities in HBM, the bacterial diversity in this niche and the determinants influencing the HBM bacteriome. Lastly, we investigate the role of the HBM bacteriome in maternal infectious disease (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and mastitis)), and cancer. Key gaps in HBM bacterial research are also identified.

scholarly journals An Overview of Physical, Microbiological and Immune Barriers of Oral Mucosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7821
Author(s):  
Sevda Şenel
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Barrier Functions

The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous chemicals, airborne allergens, etc. by means of its physical and microbiological-immune barrier functions. For this reason, oral mucosa is considered as a mirror to the health of the individual as well as a guard or early warning system. It is organized in two main components: a physical barrier, which consists of stratified epithelial cells and cell–cell junctions, and a microbiological-immune barrier that keeps the internal environment in a condition of homeostasis. Different factors, including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components, have been considered to play a critical role in disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Altered mucosal structure and barrier functions results in oral pathologies as well as systemic diseases. About 700 kinds of microorganisms exist in the human mouth, constituting the oral microbiota, which plays a significant role on the induction, training and function of the host immune system. The immune system maintains the symbiotic relationship of the host with this microbiota. Crosstalk between the oral microbiota and immune system includes various interactions in homeostasis and disease. In this review, after reviewing briefly the physical barriers of oral mucosa, the fundamentals of oral microbiome and oral mucosal immunity in regard to their barrier properties will be addressed. Furthermore, their importance in development of new diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for certain diseases as well as in the application for personalized medicine will be discussed.

scholarly journals A Computational Model to Inform Effective Control Interventions against Yersinia enterocolitica Coinfection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reihaneh Mostolizadeh ◽  
Andreas Dräger
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Robert Koch Institute ◽  
Host Immune Responses

The complex interplay among pathogens, host factors, and the integrity and composition of the endogenous microbiome determine the course and outcome of gastrointestinal infections. The model organism Yersinia entercolitica (Ye) is one of the five top frequent causes of bacterial gastroenteritis based on the Epidemiological Bulletin of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) published on September 10, 2020. A fundamental challenge in predicting the course of an infection is to understand whether co-infection with two Yersinia strains differing only in their capacity to resist killing by the host immune system may decrease the overall virulence by competitive exclusion or increase it by acting cooperatively. Herein, we study the primary interactions among Ye, the host immune system and the microbiota, and their influence on Yersinia population dynamics. The employed model considers two host compartments, the intestinal mucosa and lumen, commensal bacteria, the co-existence of wild-type and mutant Yersinia strains, as well the host immune responses. We determine four possible equilibria: the disease-free, wild-type-free, mutant-free, and co-existence of wild-type and mutant equilibrium. We also calculate the reproduction number for each strain as a threshold parameter to determine if the population may either be eradicated or persist within the host. We conclude that the infection should disappear if the reproduction numbers for each strain fall below one, and the commensal bacteria’s growth rate exceeds the pathogens’ growth rates. These findings will help inform public health control strategies. The supplement includes MATLAB source script, Maple workbook, and figures.

Role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Aamir Khan ◽  
Rajni K. Gurmule
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Spreading Rate ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Antitussive Effect ◽  
Corona Viruses ◽  
Very High

Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19.

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