scholarly journals Childhood Septicemia in Nepal: Documenting the Bacterial Etiology and Its Susceptibility to Antibiotics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamshul Ansari ◽  
Hari Prasad Nepal ◽  
Rajendra Gautam ◽  
Sony Shrestha ◽  
Puja Neopane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Introduction. Children are among the most vulnerable population groups to contract illnesses. The varying microbiological pattern of septicemia warrants the need for an ongoing review of the causative organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Therefore, the objective of this study was to document the bacterial etiology of childhood septicemia and its antibiotic susceptibility profile.Methods.Cross-sectional type of study in 1630 suspected patients was conducted at CMCTH from January 2012 to December 2013. Blood samples were collected aseptically for culture. The organisms grown were identified by standard microbiological methods recommended by American Society for Microbiology (ASM) and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Methicillin resistance was confirmed using cefoxitin and oxacillin disks methods.Results.Septicemia was detected in 172 (10.6%) cases. Among Gram-positive organisms, coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) were leading pathogen andAcinetobacterspp. were leading pathogen among Gram-negative isolates. Vancomycin, teicoplanin, and clindamycin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram-positive isolates while amikacin was effective against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative isolates. Methicillin resistance was detected in 44.4% ofStaphylococcus aureus.Conclusions. This study has highlighted the burden of bacterial etiology for septicemia among children in a tertiary care center of central Nepal.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile of Urinary Tract Infections among Postmenopausal Women Visiting Alka Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Surendra Prasad Yadav ◽  
Puspa Raj Dahal ◽  
Shiv Nandan Sah ◽  
Vijay Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diseases encountered worldwide and is a major public health problem in terms of morbidity and financial costs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Alka Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal from February to July, 2014. A total of 353 midstream urine samples were collected from postmenopausal women visiting Alka Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal. The samples were examined by microscopically and culture methods. The isolated organisms were identified by conventional microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI (2011) guidelines. Among 353 urine samples processed, 32 % (113) showed significant bacteriuria. Out of 113 bacterial isolates, the prevalence of gram negative bacteria was 97.3% (110) while that of gram positive was 2.7% (3). The most predominating organisms causing UTI were Escherichia coli (84.9%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.3%), Enterococcus faecalis (1.7%), Providencia spp. (1.7%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1.7%), Proteus mirabilis (1.7%), Proteus vulgaris (0.9%), Citrobacter freundii (0.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (0.9%). Antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates showed that, most of the gram negative bacterial isolates were sensitive to Piperacillin+Tazobactam followed by Amikacin, Imipenem and Nitrofurantoin, while they were resistant to Amoxicillin. All gram positive isolates were sensitive to Amoxicillin and resistant to Gentamycin. This study showed that higher aged postmenopausal women (>80 years) were at higher risk for UTI than those of lower aged ones (<80 years).

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance pattern of Common Bacterial Pathogens in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Dhaka City

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Durdana Chowdhury ◽  
Sanya Tahmina Jhora ◽  
Mili Rani Saha ◽  
Najmun Nahar
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Bacterial pathogens were isolated from  pus, wound swab, urine, blood and throat swab. A total  of 300 samples were collected from Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital (SSMC & MH), BIRDEM and National Medical College (NMCH) and processed following standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on pure culture isolates by employing Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method for the commonly used antibiotics. 326 (93.33%) bacterial pathogens were isolated from 300 patients. Single bacterial pathogen was present in 78% cases and mixed bacterial pathogens were in 15.40% cases.  Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species (38.66%) followed by Escherichia coli (38%), Pseudomonas spp. (13.33%), Proteus spp. (8.33%), CoNS (7.66%), Serratia spp (2.85%), Klebsiella spp. (2.00%) and  Acinetobacter spp. (0.97%). Resistance rate towards amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and  ceftriaxone were high among both Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates. However, both groups showed good susceptibility to gentamicin and levofloxacin. S. aureus and CoNS showed 100% sensitivity to vancomycin and all isolated Gram negative organisms showed 98-100% sensitivity to imipenem.These results indicate that gentamicin and levofloxacin may be convenient alternative antimicrobial agent for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin for Gram positive and imipenem for Gram negative bacteria as well.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v7i2.19327 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2013; 07(02): 13-16

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of respiratory pathogens obtained at tertiary care hospital from western Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Deepak Subedi ◽  
Surya Prasad Devkota ◽  
Dharm Raj Bhatta ◽  
Binita Koirala Sharma ◽  
Ashmita Paudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Sensitivity Rate

The prevalence and drug resistance of the respiratory pathogens is increasing gradually in Nepal. However, their detail study is rare in the western region of Nepal. Hence, this study was carried out to know the incidence and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the respiratory pathogens obtained at a tertiary care center located at Pokhara. 139 pathogens were isolated from 460 clinical samples included. Significant pathogens were Gram-negative bacteria 94 (67.62%), followed by 28 (20.15%) Candida, and Gram-positive isolates 17 (12.23%). The growth rate was significantly higher for sputum samples in comparison to throat swabs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter were significant Gram-negative isolates while Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes were Gram-positive pathogens. Sensitivity rate was higher for colistin and imipenem among Gram-negative isolates while lower sensitivity was for cefepime. Vancomycin was effective against all tested Gram-positive isolates while erythromycin and ciprofloxacin were less effective.

scholarly journals 660. Evaluation of Qvella’s FAST-Prep™ Liquid Colony™ for Early Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of Positive Blood Culture by Disk Diffusion Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S386-S386
Author(s):  
Susan M Novak-Weekley ◽  
Aye Aye Khine ◽  
Tino Alavie ◽  
Namidha Fernandez ◽  
Laxman Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Background Conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of microorganisms from positive blood cultures (PBC) can take ≥ 2 days. In order to improve the turnaround time for AST on a PBC, CLSI and EUCAST have made efforts to standardize procedures for disk diffusion (DD) direct from a PBC. Qvella Corporation (Richmond Hill, ON, Canada) has recently developed FAST-Prep, an automated centrifugal sample preparation system that rapidly delivers a Liquid Colony consisting of a purified, concentrated, viable cell suspension directly from a PBC. This study was performed to investigate the feasibility of DD AST off of a PBC using a FAST-Prep Liquid Colony. Methods Contrived PBC samples were prepared by spiking 6 species of Gram-positive and 4 species of Gram-negative bacteria (3-5 strains per species) into FA® Plus bottles and incubating in the BACT/ALERT® VIRTUO® System (bioMerieux, Durham, NC). After positivity, 3 mL of PBC was added to the FAST-Prep cartridge. After 20 minutes of processing in the FAST-Prep instrument, the Liquid Colony was removed from the cartridge and a 0.5 McFarland sample was prepared for DD AST. In parallel, the DD AST from a PBC was performed using 4 drops of PBC (CLSI direct method). Both methods were compared to conventional colony-based DD AST. After 16-18 hours of incubation zone diameters and S/I/R interpretations were determined. Categorical agreement (CA) and errors for both DD AST methods were calculated. In addition, colony plate counting was performed on 0.5 McFarland suspensions of Liquid Colony and the plate colony to determine biomass recovery and sample purity. Results CA for a FAST-Prep DD AST for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was 95.6% and 98.6%, respectively, compared to CA for CLSI DD AST of 77.2% and 81.9%, respectively. Biomass in the Liquid Colony was 7.2x108 and 1.2x109 CFU for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Cell concentration in the 0.5 McFarland suspension of the Liquid Colony was 3.7x107 and 5.9x107 CFU/mL for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, which was similar to the concentration for the reference colony suspension. Conclusion The results support the potential role of FAST-Prep in providing a Liquid Colony for use in rapid AST. Disclosures Susan M. Novak-Weekley, PhD, D(ABMM), Qvella (Employee, Shareholder) Aye Aye Khine, PhD, Qvella (Employee, Shareholder) Tino Alavie, PhD, Qvella (Employee) Namidha Fernandez, MS, Qvella (Employee) Laxman Pandey, MS, Qvella (Employee) Abdossamad Talebpour, PhD, Qvella (Employee, Shareholder)

AEROBIC BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE WITH ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF PUS SAMPLES AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN JAIPUR

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
Hemendra K Sharma ◽  
Niketa Gupta ◽  
Mahesh Yadav ◽  
Aruna Vyas ◽  
Rajni Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Background: Pyogenic infections can be caused by various microorganisms and may co-exist as poly microbial infections which require antibiotic therapy. The inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to major problems of MDRO's contributing to morbidity and mortality. Even though the bacteriological prole of pus samples in many studies remain the same, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these isolates has shown a lot of variation. This study was conducted to assess bacteriological prole of pus samples and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern Materials and Methods:Aretrospective study was carried out from April to June 2021. 540 pus culture aerobic bacterial isolates were included. The samples were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar. After aerobic incubation at 37oC for 18-24 hrs, organisms were identied by conventional bacteriology methods as per laboratory protocol and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI 2020 guideline. Results: Out of 540 pus isolates , 452(83.7%)were gram negative bacili and 88(16.3%) were gram positive cocci Pseudomonas spp. 173(31.9%), was most common gram negative isolate while S.. aureus 66(12.19%) was most common Gram positive isolate. Most of gram negative isolates were susceptible to Imipenem and Polymyxin and gram positive isolates to vancomycin and linezolid . Conclusion: To combat resistance irrational use of antibiotics should be avoided. Also regular surveillance helps in implementing better therapeutic strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality

scholarly journals Neonatal septicemia and current scenario of antibiotic sensitivity pattern – A study of blood culture isolates in a tertiary care hospital, Rajkot

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
Madhulika Mistry ◽  
Arpita Bhattacharya ◽  
Twinkle Kumar Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Neonatal Septicemia ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Current Scenario

Neonatal sepsis is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality in developing countries. Neonatal sepsis can be classified into two subtypes depending upon onset of symptoms- before 72 hours of life (early-onset neonatal sepsis—EONS) or later (late-onset neonatal sepsis—LONS). Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in neonatal septicemia are changing time-to-time and place-to-place. This study is aimed to know the current scenario of neonatal septicemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern for determining effective treatment, hence reducing burden of antibiotic resistance.This is a Retrospective study. Data was collected from Bacteriology lab, PDUMC Rajkot (May 2020 – May 2021). Blood cultures were performed on suspected neonates. Both BACTEC and conventional methods were used. Organisms were isolated by standard microbiological protocols and antibiotic sensitivity was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI- 2020/2021 guidelines. Total 1402 samples were screened. 326 were positive (23.25%). 214(65.64%) were male and 112(34.36%) were female. CONS (32.21%) was found to be the predominant pathogen followed by Klebsiella (19.63%), Staphylococcus aureus (18.10%), E. coli (15.95%), Acinetobacter (12.27%) and Enterococcus spp. (1.84%). EONS was seen in 195(59.82%) cases and LONS was seen in 131(40.18%) cases. Gram-negative bacteria are predominant in EONS (76.28%) and gram-positive bacteria is predominant in LONS (64.12%). Gram negative isolates are mostly susceptible to Meropenem, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Cefepime, Ceftazidime. Gram positive isolates mostly showed sensitivity to Vancomycin, Linezolid.Multi-drug resistant organism are emerging in neonatal septicemia. Strict antibiotic stewardship should be practiced to avoid the upcoming treatment difficulties.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Espeletia nana

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Peña ◽  
Luis Rojas ◽  
Rosa Aparicio ◽  
Libia Alarcón ◽  
José Gregorio Baptista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

The essential oil of the leaves of Espeletia nana Cuatrec, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analyzed by GC-MS, which allowed the identification of 24 components, which made up 99.9% of the oil. The most abundant compounds were α-pinene (38.1%), β-pinene (17.2%), myrcene (15.0%), spathulenol (4.2%), bicyclogermacrene (4.0%), α-zingiberene (4.0%), and γhimachalene (3.7%). Antibacterial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the agar disk diffusion method. Activity was observed only against Gram-positive bacteria. MIC values were determined for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923(200 μg/mL) and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (600 μg/mL).

scholarly journals Bacteraemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from patients visiting a private hospital of Kathmandu

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Nandalal Jaishi ◽  
Pramila Pathak ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Shah ◽  
Puspa Raj Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Blood Stream Infection ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Causative Agents

Background: Bacteraemia can develop a broad array of complications that may be difficult to recognize initially and can increase morbidity. The study was thus conducted to identify the causative agents of bacteraemia and to assess antibiogram of the isolates among the patients suspected of blood stream infection visiting Everest hospital, New Baneshwor Kathmandu. Methods: Altogether 400 blood cultures were processed during March, 2015 to August, 2015. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) was followed during the processing of the specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method with Muller-Hinton agar using the guidelines and interpretive criteria of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). Result: The positivity of blood culture was found to be 48 (12%). Gram negative bacterial were found to be more predominant 27(56.2%) than gram positive bacteria 21(43.7%) in causing bacteraemia. The most prevalent isolate was Staphylococcus aureus 15 (31.2%) followed by Salmonella Paratyphi A 10 (20.8%) and Salmonella Typhi 8 (16.6%), E. coli & CoNS 4 (8.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 (6.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae & Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 (4.1%) respectively. All gram-positive isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin followed by Ampicillin (90.42%), Erythromycin (85.71%), Ciprofloxacin (83.33%), Doxycycline (75%) and Cephalexin (70.58%) whereas gram negative isolates were sensitive to Ceftriaxone followed by Chloramphenicol (92%), Gentamicin (88.8%), Cefixime (85.71%), Ofloxacin (83.3%) and Amoxycillin and Ciprofloxacin (71.3%) Conclusion: The isolation of etiological agents of blood stream infection should be assessed by proper microbiological analysis and it would be helpful for controlling of the outbreaks of resistance strains through effective empirical therapy.

Evaluation of in vitro susceptibility of Gram-positive pathogens from a tertiary care hospital in Singapore to a novel oxazolidinone, tedizolid, by a gradient diffusion method and broth microdilution

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Saugata Choudhury ◽  
Lee Kar Mun ◽  
Esme Ng Chu Xuan ◽  
Lee Shin Jia ◽  
Shawn Vasoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Gradient Diffusion

We compared the in vitro antimicrobial activities of tedizolid and linezolid on the Sensititre broth microdilution system for Gram-positive cocci isolates (n=146) from skin and skin structure infections and bloodstream infections, bronchoalveolar lavage and sputum. These pathogens included 40 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 38 coagulase-negative staphylococci, 20 Enterococcus faecalis and 48 beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. Susceptibility was simultaneously determined for 48 vanA vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates 2013–2016 from rectal swabs (23 E. faecalis and 25 E. faecium, of which 4 were linezolid-non-susceptible). MIC90s for tedizolid were fourfold to eightfold lower than linezolid on the Sensititre and ranged from 0.12 to 0.5 µg/mL for the different pathogen groups. All isolates were susceptible to tedizolid except two vanA E. faecium strains (MICs of 1 and 2 µg/mL, respectively). Categorical and essential agreement for tedizolid were 99.48% and 92%, respectively, between Liofilchem gradient diffusion and Sensititre methods. Overall, the drug exhibited excellent activity against the surveyed Gram-positive pathogens.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of four Parmeliaceae lichen species

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Stojanovic ◽  
Niko Radulovic ◽  
Vladimir Cvetkovic ◽  
Tatjana Mitrovic ◽  
Slavisa Stamenkovic
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Group I ◽  
Distinguished Group

Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of four Parmeliaceae lichens (Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach., Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale and Parmelia sulcata Taylor) against a panel of microbial strains (11 Gram-positive (Enterococus sp., Bacillus subtilllis, Sarcina lutea, Micrococus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sporogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonela enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae), the filamentous fungus A. niger and the yeast C. albicans) was assayed using a disk diffusion method (1 mg of the extract per disc; extracts were dissolved in methanol, 25 mg/mL). All tested extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity. Multivariate statistical treatment (agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis, AHC) of the obtained results allowed grouping of the samples according to their antimicrobial potential against different strains: antimicrobial profile of H. physodes and E. prunastri extracts were comparable; the similar is true for F. caperata and P. sulcata samples. In addition, based on the similarities/ dissimilarities in their susceptibility toward the tested extracts, two groups of microorganisms could be distinguished: Group I - P. vulgaris, K. pneumoniae (Gram-negative bacteria), A. niger and C. albicans; Group II - E. coli, S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria) and all of the assayed Gram-positive strains.

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