scholarly journals MicroRNA Roles in the NF-κB Signaling Pathway during Viral Infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeqian Gao ◽  
Yongxi Dou ◽  
Yixia Chen ◽  
Yadong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level

NF-κB signaling network is a crucial component of innate immunity. miRNAs are a subtype of small noncoding RNAs, involved in regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Increasing evidence has emerged that miRNAs play an important role in regulation of NF-κB signaling pathway during viral infections. Both host and viral miRNAs are attributed to modulation of NF-κB activity, thus affecting viral infection and clearance. Understandings of the mechanisms of these miRNAs will open a direction for development of novel antivirus drugs.

scholarly journals MicroRNA biogenesis and variability

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús García-López ◽  
Miguel A. Brieño-Enríquez ◽  
Jesús del Mazo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Fine Regulation ◽  
And Function

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are cell-endogenous small noncoding RNAs that, through RNA interference, are involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of mRNAs. The biogenesis and function of miRNAs entail multiple elements with different alternative pathways. These confer a high versatility of regulation and a high variability to generate different miRNAs and hence possess a broad potential to regulate gene expression. Here we review the different mechanisms, both canonical and noncanonical, that generate miRNAs in animals. The ‘miRNome’ panorama enhances our knowledge regarding the fine regulation of gene expression and provides new insights concerning normal, as opposed to pathological, cell differentiation and development.

The physiological and pathophysiological roles of adipocyte miRNAs

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyan Ling ◽  
Xing Li ◽  
Chao Hua Yao ◽  
Bi Hu ◽  
Duanfang Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipocyte Differentiation ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Insulin Production ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
And Function ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Their actions affect numerous important biological processes, including adipocyte differentiation and function, sugar and lipid metabolism, and insulin production and secretion. Recent reports suggest miRNAs may also be involved in the pathogenic processes of obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize research progresses on adipocyte miRNAs and their physiological and pathological implications.

scholarly journals MicroRNomics: a newly emerging approach for disease biology

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genomic Medicine ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cellular Tissue ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Disease Biology ◽  
Genomic Scale

Genomic evidence reveals that gene expression in humans is precisely controlled in cellular, tissue-type, temporal, and condition-specific manners. Completely understanding the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression is therefore one of the most important issues in genomic medicine. Surprisingly, recent analyses of the human and animal genomes have demonstrated that the majority of RNA transcripts are relatively small, noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), rather than large, protein coding message RNAs (mRNAs). Moreover, these sncRNAs may represent a novel important layer of regulation for gene expression. The most important breakthrough in this new area is the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs comprise a novel class of endogenous, small, noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression via degradation or translational inhibition of their target mRNAs. As a group, miRNAs may directly regulate ∼30% of the genes in the human genome. In keeping with the nomenclature of RNomics, which is to study sncRNAs on the genomic scale, “microRNomics” is coined here to describe a novel subdiscipline of genomics that studies the identification, expression, biogenesis, structure, regulation of expression, targets, and biological functions of miRNAs on the genomic scale. A growing body of exciting evidence suggests that miRNAs are important regulators of cell differentiation, proliferation/growth, mobility, and apoptosis. These miRNAs therefore play important roles in development and physiology. Consequently, dysregulation of miRNA function may lead to human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, immune dysfunction, and metabolic disorders. microRNomics may be a newly emerging approach for human disease biology.

scholarly journals Coilin enhances phosphorylation and stability of DGCR8 and promotes miRNA biogenesis

2021 ◽  
pp. mbc.E21-05-0225
Author(s):  
Katheryn E. Lett ◽  
Madelyn K. Logan ◽  
Douglas M. McLaurin ◽  
Michael D. Hebert
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Mature Mirnas ◽  
Cajal Body ◽  
Mirna Biogenesis ◽  
Regulatory Interaction ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Control Gene Expression ◽  
Processing Steps ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ∼22 nt small noncoding RNAs that control gene expression at the posttranscriptional level through translational inhibition and destabilization of their target mRNAs. The biogenesis of miRNAs involves a series of processing steps beginning with cropping of the primary miRNA transcript by the Microprocessor complex, which is comprised of Drosha and DGCR8. Here we report a novel regulatory interaction between the Microprocessor components and coilin, the Cajal Body (CB) marker protein. Coilin knockdown causes alterations in the level of primary and mature miRNAs, let-7a and miR-34a, and their miRNA targets, HMGA2 and Notch1, respectively. We also found that coilin knockdown affects the levels of DGCR8 and Drosha in cells with (HeLa) and without (WI-38) CBs. To further explore the role of coilin in miRNA biogenesis, we conducted a series of co-immunoprecipitation experiments using coilin and DGCR8 constructs, which revealed that coilin and DGCR8 can form a complex. Additionally, our results indicate that phosphorylation of DGCR8, which has been shown to increase protein stability, is impacted by coilin knockdown. Collectively, our results implicate coilin as a member of the regulatory network governing miRNA biogenesis.

scholarly journals Development of MicroRNAs as Potential Therapeutics against Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Noraini Abd-Aziz ◽  
Nur Izyani Kamaruzman ◽  
Chit Laa Poh
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cancer Growth ◽  
Cellular Regulation ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Synthetic Mirnas ◽  
Vital Effects ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Mirnas ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that function at the posttranscriptional level in the cellular regulation process. miRNA expression exerts vital effects on cell growth such as cell proliferation and survival. In cancers, miRNAs have been shown to initiate carcinogenesis, where overexpression of oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or reduced expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs has been reported. In this review, we discuss the involvement of miRNAs in tumorigenesis, the role of synthetic miRNAs as either mimics or antagomirs to overcome cancer growth, miRNA delivery, and approaches to enhance their therapeutic potentials.

scholarly journals Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Small Noncoding RNAs Antisense to the VZV Latency-Encoded Transcript VLT Enhance Viral Replication

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Punam Bisht ◽  
Biswajit Das ◽  
Paul R. Kinchington ◽  
Ronald S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Varicella Zoster Virus ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Virally Encoded

ABSTRACT Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNA), including microRNA (miR), are expressed by many viruses to provide an additional layer of gene expression regulation. Our work has shown that varicella-zoster virus (VZV; also called human herpesvirus 3 [HHV3]), the human alphaherpesvirus causing varicella and herpes zoster, expresses 24 virally encoded sncRNA (VZVsncRNA) in infected cells. Here, we demonstrate that several VZVsncRNA can modulate VZV growth, including four VZVsncRNA (VZVsncRNA10, -11, -12, and -13) that are antisense to VLT, a transcript made in lytic infections and associated with VZV latency. The influence on productive VZV growth and spread was assessed in epithelial cells transfected with locked nucleotide analog antagonists (LNAA). LNAA to the four VZVsncRNA antisense to VLT significantly reduced viral spread and progeny titers of infectious virus, suggesting that these sncRNA promoted lytic infection. The LNAA to VZVsncRNA12, encoded in the leader to ORF61, also significantly increased the levels of VLT transcripts. Conversely, overexpression of VZVsncRNA13 using adeno-associated virus consistently increased VZV spread and progeny titers. These results suggest that sncRNA antisense to VZV may regulate VZV growth, possibly by affecting VLT expression. Transfection of LNAA to VZVsncRNA14 and VZVsncRNA9 decreased and increased VZV growth, respectively, while LNAA to three other VZVsncRNA had no significant effects on replication. These data strongly support the conclusion that VZV replication is modulated by multiple virally encoded sncRNA, revealing an additional layer of complexity of VZV regulation of lytic infections. This may inform the development of novel anti-sncRNA-based therapies for treatment of VZV diseases. IMPORTANCE Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster, a major health issue in the aging and immunocompromised populations. Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNA) are recognized as important actors in modulating gene expression. This study extends our previous work and shows that four VZVsncRNA clustering in and near ORF61 and antisense to the latency-associated transcript of VZV can positively influence productive VZV infection. The ability of multiple exogenous small oligonucleotides targeting VZVsncRNA to inhibit VZV replication strengthens the possibility that they may inform development of novel treatments for painful herpes zoster.

scholarly journals Long Noncoding RNA Plays a Key Role in Metastasis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangbing Li ◽  
Haohai Zhang ◽  
Xueshuai Wan ◽  
Xiaobo Yang ◽  
Chengpei Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Long Noncoding Rna ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Cellular Processes

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been attracting immense research interests. However, only a handful of lncRNAs had been thoroughly characterized. They were involved in fundamental cellular processes including regulation of gene expression at epigenetics as well as tumorogenesis. In this paper, we give a systematic and comprehensive review of existing literature about lncRNA involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma. This review exhibited that lncRNAs played important roles in tumorigenesis and subsequent prognosis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and elucidated the role of some specific lncRNAs such as MALAT1 and HOTAIR in the pathophysiology of hepatocellular carcinoma and their potential of being therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in innate immunity

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Carpenter ◽  
Emiliano P. Ricci ◽  
Blandine C. Mercier ◽  
Melissa J. Moore ◽  
Katherine A. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation
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