Calabash Chalk's Geophagy Affects Gestating Rats' Behavior and the Histomorphology of the Cerebral Cortex

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses B. Ekong ◽  
Aniekan I. Peter ◽  
Theresa B. Ekanem ◽  
Mokutima A. Eluwa ◽  
Christopher C. Mbadugha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Ambulatory Activities

Introduction. Calabash chalk contains heavy metals, and this lead to this study on the effect of this chalk on the behavior and the histomorphology of the cerebral cortex of gestating rats. Material & Methods. 24 female rats were equally divided into 4 groups and were mated at preostrous with the males. The day after mating was designated as day 1 of gestation. On gestation days 7–20, groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 animals were treated with 1 mL of distilled water, and 1 mL (200 mg/kg), 2 mL (400 mg/kg), and 3 mL (600 mg/kg) of calabash chalk suspension, respectively. On pregnancy day 21, behavioral tests using the open field and the light/dark mazes were carried out and the animals subsequently euthanized and their brains were routinely processed. Results. There was no difference in ambulatory activities, but group 4 animals had more (P<0.05) transition frequency and were more averse to the dark in the light and dark field, while sections of the cerebral cortex showed a higher (P<0.05) cellular population, hypertrophied pyramidal cells, and vacuolations in the treatment groups. Conclusion. Calabash chalk may have anxiolytic effect especially at high dose in the light and dark field but not in the open field and can stimulate maternal cerebral cortical cellular changes.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effect of Leptin on Liver Damage in Case of Hepatic Injury Associated with Paracetamol Poisoning

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Polat ◽  
Serkan Cerrah ◽  
Bulent Albayrak ◽  
Serkan Ipek ◽  
Mahmut Arabul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Paracetamol Poisoning ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

Background Aim. In case of high-dose acetaminophen intake, the active metabolite can not bind to the glutathione, thereby inducing cellular necrosis through binding to the cytosol proteins. This trial was performed to histologically and biochemically investigate whether leptin was protective against liver damage induced by paracetamol at toxic doses.Material and Method. In our trial, 30 female rats, divided into 5 groups, were used. IP leptin administration was performed after an hour in the group of rats, in which paracetamol poisoning was induced. The groups were as follows: Group 1: the control group, Group 2: 20 µg/kg leptin, Group 3: 2 g/kg paracetamol, Group 4: 2 g/kg paracetamol + 10 µg/kg leptin, and Group 5: 2 g/kg paracetamol + 20 µg/kg leptin.Results. The most significant increase was observed in the PARA 2 g/kg group, while the best improvement among the treatment groups occurred in the PARA 2 g/kg + LEP 10 µg/kg group (p< 0.05). While the most significant glutathione (GSH) reduction was observed in the PARA 2 g/kg group, the best improvement was in the PARA 2 g/kg + LEP 10 µg/kg group (p< 0.05).Conclusion. Liver damage occurring upon paracetamol poisoning manifests with hepatocyte breakdown occurring as a result of inflammation and oxidative stress. Leptin can prevent this damage thanks to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy.

scholarly journals Modulatory Effect of Fermented Papaya Extracts on Mammary Gland Hyperplasia Induced by Estrogen and Progestin in Female Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenqiang You ◽  
Junying Sun ◽  
Feng Xie ◽  
Zhiqin Chen ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group A

Fermented papaya extracts (FPEs) are obtained by fermentation of papaya by Aspergillus oryzae and yeasts. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of FPEs on mammary gland hyperplasia induced by estrogen and progestogen. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, including a control group, an FPE-alone group, a model group, and three FPE treatment groups (each receiving 30, 15, or 5 ml/kg FPEs). Severe mammary gland hyperplasia was induced upon estradiol benzoate and progestin administration. FPEs could improve the pathological features of the animal model and reduce estrogen levels in the serum. Analysis of oxidant indices revealed that FPEs could increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, decrease malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the mammary glands and serum of the animal models, and decrease the proportion of cells positive for the oxidative DNA damage marker 8-oxo-dG in the mammary glands. Additionally, estradiol benzoate and progestin altered the levels of serum biochemical compounds such as aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), and alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as hepatic oxidant indices such as SOD, GSH-Px, MDA, and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG). These indices reverted to normal levels upon oral administration of a high dose of FPEs. Taken together, our results indicate that FPEs can protect the mammary glands and other visceral organs from oxidative damage.

Effects of prenatal PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone exposure on rat hippocampus development in a time-dependent manner: A stereological and histopathological study

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 827-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sağır ◽  
B Eren ◽  
BD Yılmaz ◽  
Z Eren ◽  
ON Keleş ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Insulin Sensitizer

Rosiglitazone is in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It works as an insulin sensitizer by binding to the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma. We investigated the effects of prenatally administered rosiglitazone on pyramidal cell numbers and morphologies in the hippocampus at postnatal period using histochemical and stereological techniques, congenital morphological properties and the number of offspring in rats. Eighteen female rats were grouped into control (C), low-dose rosiglitazone (LDR) and high-dose rosiglitazone (HDR). LDR pregnant rats received 2 mg/kg/day of rosiglitazone via oral gavage during the first 16 days of the pregnancy. HDR rats received 5 mg/kg/day. The infants were grouped into newborn (NB), 4 week (4 W) and 12 week (12 W). A side from histopathologic and congenital assessments, stereological analyses were performed using the optical fractionator method. Congenital anomaly was not detected in any of the rosiglitazone treatment groups, and their number of offspring was similar to that of the C group. Stereological counts revealed a significant reduction in the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the C and LDR groups but not in the HDR group until birth to 12th week. When NB groups were compared, the number of pyramidal cells in the HDRNB group was less than those in the LDRNB and CNB groups. HDR affected apoptosis or the proliferation and maturation of progenitor cells to the pyramidal neuron during neurodevelopment in the hippocampus, whereas LDR did not adversely affect neuronal development and did not cause congenital anomalies.

scholarly journals Prenatal Androgenization Induces Anxiety-Like Behavior in Female Rats, Associated with Reduction of Inhibitory Interneurons and Increased BDNF in Hippocampus and Cortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojana Rankov Petrovic ◽  
Dragan Hrncic ◽  
Dusan Mladenovic ◽  
Tatjana Simic ◽  
Sonja Suvakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Bdnf Expression ◽  
Testosterone Undecanoate ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Increased Risk

Anxiety is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders. Despite the fact that most studies describe an anxiolytic effect of testosterone, hyperandrogenemia in mothers is assumed to be related to an increased risk of mood disorders in their offspring. An increasing body of scientific evidence suggests that an altered expression of interneuronal markers of the hippocampus may be the cause of anxiety. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of maternal hyperandrogenemia on behavioral parameters of anxiety-like behavior, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and parvalbumin (PV) expression in the hippocampus, and the level of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Pregnant female Wistar albino rats were treated with testosterone undecanoate on the 20th day of gestation. Anxiety-like behavior in adult female offspring was evaluated by the elevated plus maze test and the open field. The number of PV and NPY immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus was determined immunohistochemically. The level of BDNF expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was analyzed with the Western blot test. Prenatal hyperandrogenization increased anxiety-like behavior in female offspring and decreased expression of NPY+ and PV+ in the CA1 region of the hippocampus as compared to the control group. BDNF expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of prenatally androgenized female offspring was significantly increased in comparison with the controls. Prenatal hyperandrogenization may be the cause of anxiety-like behavior in female offspring. Decrease in NPY and PV expression in the hippocampus may explain the possible mechanism of hyperandrogenization induced anxiety.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF THE ANXIOLYTIC-LIKE EFFECT OF THE β-CARBOLINE ALKALOID HARMINE ON STRESSED PREGNANT RATS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Rima Benatoui ◽  
Abdelmadjid Bairi ◽  
Abdelkrim Tahraoui
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Footshock Stress ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Light Dark Box

Objective: During the last decade, the role of the β-carboline alkaloid harmine has essentially been studied with regard to its anxiolytic effect, as it was done in our laboratory; therefore, this study has been progressed to cover the effect of this alkaloid on pregnant wistar rats.Methods: The molecule was used at doses of 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, pregnant female rats were divided into three groups according to the stage of pregnancy: first, second, and the third week of pregnancy. Each group has been subdivided into seven subgroups: control group, two treated groups with harmine, acute footshock stress at 1,2mA, sub-acute footshock stress at 0,4mA, psychological stress, and the treated group that footshocked after with 1,2mA, all groups were carried out open field test, plus maze test and light/dark box test.Results: Thigmotaxis is reflected by the significant increase in the traveled distance in peripheral area in the open field of the three groups ‘weeks’ at dose of 10 mg/kg, the enhancement in the number and time of rearing, at both doses, during the second and the last week, the significant increase in the number of entries ‘in open arms’ in plus-maze during the first and third weeks at 15 mg/kg, and the significant decreased in time spent in the light compartment of the light/dark box at the same dose of all groups ‘weeks’ were noticed, which confirm the anxiolytic effect of the alkaloid, even in the case of the footschock stressed pregnant rats of all groups ‘weeks’ that enhancement of number of enties into open arms during the plus maze test.Conclusion: So we can conclude that the anxiolytic effect of harmine not shortening to male rats, but expands to female pregnant wistar rats, and establishes its effect by diminishing time in light compartment of light/dark box and number of entries in open arms of plus maze, in other hand, the increase in the number and the time of rearing reflects the enhancement of exploratory behavior.

scholarly journals The influence of body weight on open field and swimming maze performance during the post-weaning period in the rat

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Barrow ◽  
Isabelle Leconte
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Maze Performance ◽  
Developmental Toxicology ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
Problem Data

The open field and swimming maze tests are frequently used as part of a behavioural assessment battery in reproduction or developmental toxicology studies in the rat. Interpretation of the results of these tests is very difficult when the body weight of the rats is not similar in the various treatment groups. In order to better understand this problem, data from approximately 500 untreated rats tested under identical conditions were analysed with respect to body weight. No correlation was found in water maze performance or open field motor activity. A very slight but significant correlation was identified, however, in the time spent by female rats in various regions of the open field, with the smaller rats spending more time in the corners of the testing arena.

Morphological Changes in the Rat Granulosa Cell Surface During Differentiation Induced by Estradiol and Gonadotropins

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 484-485
Author(s):  
P. Bagavandoss ◽  
JoAnne S. Richards ◽  
A. Rees Midgley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2

During follicular development in the mammalian ovary, several functional changes occur in the granulosa cells in response to steroid hormones and gonadotropins (1,2). In particular, marked changes in the content of membrane-associated receptors for the gonadotropins have been observed (1).We report here scanning electron microscope observations of morphological changes that occur on the granulosa cell surface in response to the administration of estradiol, human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).Immature female rats that were hypophysectcmized on day 24 of age were treated in the following manner. Group 1: control groups were injected once a day with 0.1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 3 days; group 2: estradiol (1.5 mg/0.2 ml propylene glycol) once a day for 3 days; group 3: estradiol for 3 days followed by 2 days of hFSH (1 μg/0.1 ml) twice daily, group 4: same as in group 3; group 5: same as in group 3 with a final injection of hCG (5 IU/0.1 ml) on the fifth day.

Evaluation of hippocampus in rhesus monkeys after chronic (1-year) inhalation exposure to marijuana: I. Electron microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-399
Author(s):  
A.M. Andrews ◽  
S.W. Wilson ◽  
A.C. Scallet ◽  
S.F. Ali ◽  
J. Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Synaptic Cleft ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ultrastructural Evidence ◽  
Male Rhesus

Exposure of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to marijuana via inhalation or to intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), reportedly caused ultrastructural evidence of increased synaptic width. Chronic marijuana smoke in a single rhesus monkey examined after a six month withdrawal time caused ultrastructure changes in the septal, hippocampal and amygdala regions; the synaptic cleft was widened, electron opaque material was found in the cleft and in the pre- and postsynaptic regions, with some clumping of the synaptic vesicles. The objective of our study was to assess neuropathological alterations produced by chronic inhalation of marijuana smoke.Nineteen male rhesus monkeys, 3-5 years of age and weighing 3-8 kg, were divided into four treatment groups: a) sham control, b) placebo smoke (7 days/ week) c) low dose marijuana (2 times/week with 5 days/week sham) and d) high dose marijuana (7 times/week). A smoke exposure consisted of smoke from one cigarette (2.6% THC) burned down to 10 mm butt length. Smoke was administered via smoke generator (ADL II, Arthur D. Little, Inc. Cambridge, MA) and nose-mouth only masks (local production) equipped with one-way valves.

HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ACETAMIPRID TOXICITY IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Fefar ◽  
Ankita N. Brahmbhatt ◽  
B.P. Joshi ◽  
D.J. Ghodasara
Keyword(s):  
Dose Level ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Albino Mice

A study was conducted on 5 weeks old 64 (32 male and 32 female) Swiss albino mice to assess the haemato-biochemical and immunological effects of acetamiprid. All the male and female mice were randomly divided into eight different groups. The groups I (male) and II (female) served as controls whereas remaining groups served as treatment groups and were administered acetamiprid at the daily dose rate of 20, 10, 5 mg/kg body weight in males(Group III, V, VII) and females (Group IV, VI,VIII),respectively for 28 days. After 28 days treatment, blood samples were collected for hematological, biochemical as well as immunological analysis. There was significant decrease in haematological parameters like Hb, TEC, TLC, neutrophils and lymphocytes count in high dose groups and revealed potential adversity of acetamiprid at rates of 20 mg/kg/day on haematopoetic system of mice. A dose dependent significant rise in mean values of AST and ALT was observed in treatment groups, whereas there was significant decrease in total protein and albumin and increase in BUN in high and mid dose treated groups, irrespective of sex of mice. Dinitroflurobenzene (DNFB) test conducted to assess the cell mediated immunity revealed the toxic effect of acetamiprid on cell mediated immunity of mice at dose level of 10 mg/kg/day. The mice of high dose group revealed a significant decrease in HA titer and indicated the immunotoxic potential of acetamiprid at dose level of 20 mg/kg/day.

scholarly journals SEOM clinical guideline for management of adult medulloblastoma (2020)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Luque ◽  
M. Benavides ◽  
S. del Barco ◽  
L. Egaña ◽  
J. García-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Tumor ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
High Dose Chemotherapy ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Adult Medulloblastoma ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Standard Risk

AbstractRecent advances in molecular profiling, have reclassified medulloblastoma, an undifferentiated tumor of the posterior fossa, in at least four diseases, each one with differences in prognosis, epidemiology and sensibility to different treatments. The recommended management of a lesion with radiological characteristics suggestive of MB includes maximum safe resection followed by a post-surgical MR < 48 h, LCR cytology and MR of the neuroaxis. Prognostic factors, such as presence of a residual tumor volume > 1.5 cm2, presence of micro- or macroscopic dissemination, and age > 3 years as well as pathological (presence of anaplastic or large cell features) and molecular findings (group, 4, 3 or p53 SHH mutated subgroup) determine the risk of relapse and should guide adjuvant management. Although there is evidence that both high-risk patients and to a lesser degree, standard-risk patients benefit from adjuvant craneoespinal radiation followed by consolidation chemotherapy, tolerability is a concern in adult patients, leading invariably to dose reductions. Treatment after relapse is to be considered palliative and inclusion on clinical trials, focusing on the molecular alterations that define each subgroup, should be encouraged. Selected patients can benefit from surgical rescue or targeted radiation or high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous self-transplant. Even in patients that are cured by chemorradiation presence of significant sequelae is common and patients must undergo lifelong follow-up.

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