scholarly journals The Impact of Urbanization on the Annual Average Temperature of the Past 60 Years in Beijing

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Wei Ji ◽  
Xinfang Yu ◽  
Xinliang Xu ◽  
Dong Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Regional Warming ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Anomaly Analysis ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

Global warming, which is representatively caused by CO2-based greenhouse gases, has caused widespread concern in the global scientific community and gets the high attention of each government in the world. Human activities impact climate change through greenhouse gas emissions and land use changes. The current study on the impact of urbanization on the annual average temperature of the recent 60 years in Beijing was conducted using 1951–2012 temperature data. Anomaly analysis, quadratic polynomial trend method, and moving average method were employed to indicate the temporal variation of temperature. The results showed that average temperature increased both in urban and rural areas. The temperature of urban Beijing increased during the period from 1951 to 2012, especially from 1971 to 1994. The temperature of rural Beijing showed a faster increase than that of the urban area from 1989 to 1998. However, the rate of temperature increase slowed down in recent years. This type of change was temporally consistent with the process of land use change and urbanization in Beijing. Economic restructuring and improvement of urban planning may have been one of the reasons that the regional warming has been slowed down in the rural area.

Day-to-day temperature variability reduces economic growth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Kotz ◽  
Leonie Wenz ◽  
Annika Stechemesser ◽  
Matthias Kalkuhl ◽  
Anders Levermann
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Point Reduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

<p>Elevated annual average temperature has been found to impact macro-economic growth. However, various fundamental elements of the economy are affected by deviations of daily temperature from seasonal expectations which are not well reflected in annual averages. Here we show that increases in seasonally adjusted day-to-day temperature variability reduce macro-economic growth independent of and in addition to changes in annual average temperature. Combining observed day-to-day temperature variability with subnational economic data for 1,537 regions worldwide over 40 years in fixed-effects panel models, we find that an extra degree of variability results in a five percentage-point reduction in regional growth rates on average. The impact of day-to-day variability is modulated by seasonal temperature difference and income, resulting in highest vulnerability in low-latitude, low-income regions (12 percentage-point reduction). These findings illuminate a new, global-impact channel in the climate–economy relationship that demands a more comprehensive assessment in both climate and integrated assessment models.</p>

scholarly journals Global annual average temperature – a precise modelling

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Satyabrata Pal ◽  
Arunava Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Extensive Simulation ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Initial Values ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

SUMMARY Global annual average temperature (GAAT) is regarded as a precise indicator of the warming of the globe over the centuries, and its spectre is looming large with the passage of time and with the advancement of civilization. Global warming, caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has become the worst environmental threat to mankind. The phase 1981 to 2012 was the most crucial phase, and the impact of global warming in that phase indeed points to a disaster if not controlled now. Work on the building of appropriate models to represent the GAAT data can be found in the literature, although the precision levels (in terms of R2 values) of such models do not exceed 0.86. In this paper, six models are developed by using different combinations of mathematical functions. The developed models are superior to existing models in terms of their precision. In fact, to generate such models, extensive simulation work has been carried out not only with respect to the types of mathematical functions, but also with respect to the choices of initial values of the coefficients involved in each model. The models developed here have attained R2 values as high as 0.896.

Variations of Temperature in Hefei City in Recent 50 Years

2012 ◽  
Vol 616-618 ◽  
pp. 1496-1499
Author(s):  
Guo Wei Xu ◽  
Xin Tian Yuan ◽  
Shu Ling Huang ◽  
Yang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Temperature Observation ◽  
Significant Temperature ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

Selecting 50 years temperature observation data from1959 to 2008 and using statistical analysis, this paper revealed the characteristics of temperature variation in Hefei city. The results show that in past 50 years, the annual average temperature in Hefei city greatly increased, tendency rate of temperature change was 0.246°C/10 a, especially after 1993, the temperature increased significantly; the temperature in four seasons all increased somewhat, warming was most prominent in spring. The most significant temperature increase was in spring, winter following behind, temperature increase in autumn was not obvious, and the average summer temperature increased the most unobvious.

scholarly journals Numerical simulation of formation and preservation of Ningwu ice cave, Shanxi, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2367-2395 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yang ◽  
Y. Shi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Tourism Resource ◽  
Ice Water ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

Abstract. Ice caves exist in locations where annual average temperature in higher than 0 °C. An example is Ningwu ice cave, Shanxi Province, the largest ice cave in China. In order to quantitatively explain the mechanism of formation and preservation of the ice cave, we use Finite Element Method to simulate the heat transfer process at this ice cave. There are two major control factors. First, there is the seasonal asymmetric heat transfer. Heat is transferred into the ice cave from outside, very inefficiently by conduction in spring, summer and fall. In winter, thermal convection occurs that transfers heat very efficiently out of the ice cave, thus cooling it down. Secondly, ice–water phase change provides a heat barrier for heat transfer into the cave in summer. The calculation also helps to evaluate effects of global warming, tourists, etc. for sustainable development of ice cave as tourism resource. In some other ice caves in China, managers installed air-tight doors at these ice caves entrance intending to "protect" these caves, but this prevent cooling down these caves in winters and these cave ices will entirely melt within tens of years.

The Coincident Relationships between the Qehan Lake Area Fluctuation and the Climate Change in the Nearly 40 Years

2011 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Chun ◽  
Mei Jie Zhang ◽  
Mei Ping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Annual Evaporation ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

The objective of this study is to analyse the climate changing patterns chronologically for exposing the coincident relationships between the lake area fluctuation and the climate change in Qehan lake of Abaga county of Inner Mongolia. The results show that there’s highly interrelation between the changes of the lake area and the climatic factors here, the annual average temperature and annual evaporation are negatively interrelate to the lake area fluctuation, and the annual precipitation interrelate to it is positive. The lake area has descended about 75 km2 during the nearly past 40 years. There were about two considerable lake expansions in 1973, 1998 through the generally lake area descending process.

The Impact of Urbanization on Agricultural Land Use

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-75
Author(s):  
Elena Belova ◽  
Yuliya Rozenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

The subject of the study presented in this article is the economic relations arising due to the progress of the urbanization that leads to changes in agricultural production. For a long time in Russia a reduction of agricultural land, arable land and crops takes place. One reason for this is the global progress of urbanization. Changes in agricultural land use occur across the country however this process is uneven in different regions. Among all regions Moscow and Moscow region significantly stand out. The study showed that in the more urbanized regions of the country reduction of the agricultural land and changes in agricultural land use are greater than in less urbanized ones.

scholarly journals Effects of solar activity and galactic cosmic ray cycles on the modulation of the annual average temperature at two sites in southern Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everton Frigo ◽  
Francesco Antonelli ◽  
Djeniffer S. S. da Silva ◽  
Pedro C. M. Lima ◽  
Igor I. G. Pacca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Annual Average Temperature

Abstract. Quasi-periodic variations in solar activity and galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on decadal and bidecadal timescales have been suggested as a climate forcing mechanism for many regions on Earth. One of these regions is southern Brazil, where the lowest values during the last century were observed for the total geomagnetic field intensity at the Earth's surface. These low values are due to the passage of the center of the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA), which crosses the Brazilian territory from east to west following a latitude of ∼ 26∘. In areas with low geomagnetic intensity, such as the SAMA, the incidence of GCRs is increased. Consequently, possible climatic effects related to the GCRs tend to be maximized in this region. In this work, we investigate the relationship between the ∼ 11-year and ∼ 22-year cycles that are related to solar activity and GCRs and the annual average temperature recorded between 1936 and 2014 at two weather stations, both located near a latitude of 26∘ S but at different longitudes. The first of these stations (Torres – TOR) is located in the coastal region, and the other (Iraí – IRA) is located in the interior, around 450 km from the Atlantic Ocean. Sunspot data and the solar modulation potential for cosmic rays were used as proxies for the solar activity and the GCRs, respectively. Our investigation of the influence of decadal and bidecadal cycles in temperature data was carried out using the wavelet transform coherence (WTC) spectrum. The results indicate that periodicities of 11 years may have continuously modulated the climate at TOR via a nonlinear mechanism, while at IRA, the effects of this 11-year modulation period were intermittent. Four temperature maxima, separated by around 20 years, were detected in the same years at both weather stations. These temperature maxima are almost coincident with the maxima of the odd solar cycles. Furthermore, these maxima occur after transitions from even to odd solar cycles, that is, after some years of intense GCR flux. The obtained results offer indirect mathematical evidence that solar activity and GCR variations contributed to climatic changes in southern Brazil during the last century. A comparison of the results obtained for the two weather stations indicates that the SAMA also contributes indirectly to these temperature variations. The contribution of other mechanisms also related to solar activity cannot be excluded. Keywords. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (climatology)

scholarly journals Sustainable Residential Building Considerations for Rural Areas: A Case Study

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Lawrence Fulton ◽  
Bradley Beauvais ◽  
Matthew Brooks ◽  
Scott Kruse ◽  
Kimberly Lee
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Solar Array ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
The Impact

Intelligent use of rural residential land and sustainable construction is inexorably linked to cost; however, options exist that are eco-friendly and have a positive return on investment. In 2011, a research residence was built to evaluate various land-use and sustainable components. This Texas house has subsequently been used for both residential and research purposes. The purpose of this case study was to evaluate break-even construction considerations, to assess environmental impacts, and to evaluate qualitatively efficacy of sustainable options incorporated in the research residence. Some of the specific components discussed are home site placement (directional positioning); materiel acquisition (transportation); wood product minimization; rainwater harvesting; wastewater management; grid-tied solar array power; electric car charging via a solar array; geothermal heating and cooling; insulation selection; windows, fixtures, and appliance selection; and on-demand electric water heaters for guest areas. This study seeks to identify the impact of proper land use and sustainable techniques on the environment and return-on-investment in rural areas. Break-even and 15-year Net Present Value (NPV) analysis at 3% and 5% cost of capital were used to evaluate traditional construction, partially sustainable construction, and fully sustainable construction options for the case study house, which was built sustainably. The additional cost of sustainable construction is estimated at $54,329. At 3%, the analysis suggests a 15-year NPV of $334,355 (traditional) versus $250,339 million (sustainable) for a difference of $84K. At 5% cost of capital, that difference falls to $63K. The total estimated annual difference in carbon emissions is 4.326 million g/CO2e for this research residence. The results indicate that good choices for quick return-on-investment in rural construction would be the use of engineered lumber, Icynene foam, and Energy Star windows and doors. Medium-term options include photovoltaic systems (PVS) capable of powering the home and an electric car. Sustainable construction options should positively affect the environment and the pocketbook. Regulations and code should require adoption of short-range, break-even sustainable solutions in residential construction.

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