scholarly journals The Dual Role of HLA-G in Cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Rouas-Freiss ◽  
Philippe Moreau ◽  
Joel LeMaoult ◽  
Edgardo D. Carosella
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Tumor Escape ◽  
The Past ◽  
Active Structures ◽  
Tumor Escape Mechanism

We here review the current data on the role of HLA-G in cancer based on recent findings of an unexpected antitumor activity of HLA-G in hematological malignancies. For the past decade, HLA-G has been described as a tumor-escape mechanism favoring cancer progression, and blocking strategies have been proposed to counteract it. Aside from these numerous studies on solid tumors, recent data showed that HLA-G inhibits the proliferation of malignant B cells due to the interaction between HLA-G and its receptor ILT2, which mediates negative signaling on B cell proliferation. These results led to the conjecture that, according to the malignant cell type, HLA-G should be blocked or conversely induced to counteract tumor progression. In this context, we will here present (i) the dual role of HLA-G in solid and liquid tumors with special emphasis on (ii) the HLA-G active structures and their related ILT2 and ILT4 receptors and (iii) the current knowledge on regulatory mechanisms of HLA-G expression in tumors.

Acid ceramidase, a double-edged sword in cancer aggression: A minireview

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Shiphrah Vethakanraj ◽  
Niveditha Chandrasekaran ◽  
Ashok Kumar Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Acid Ceramidase ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Key Enzyme

: Acid ceramidase (AC), the key enzyme of the ceramide metabolic pathway hydrolyzes pro-apoptotic ceramide to sphingosine, which by the action of sphingosine-1-kinase is metabolized to mitogenic sphingosine-1-phosphate. The intracellular level of AC determines ceramide/sphingosine-1-phosphate rheostat which in turn decides the cell fate. The upregulated AC expression during cancerous condition acts as a “double-edged sword” by converting pro-apoptotic ceramide to anti-apoptotic sphingosine-1-phosphate, wherein on one end, the level of ceramide is decreased and on the other end, the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate is increased, thus altogether aggravating the cancer progression. In addition, cancer cells with upregulated AC expression exhibited increased cell proliferation, metastasis, chemoresistance, radioresistance and numerous strategies were developed in the past to effectively target the enzyme. Gene silencing and pharmacological inhibition of AC sensitized the resistant cells to chemo/radiotherapy thereby promoting cell death. The core objective of this review is to explore AC mediated tumour progression and the potential role of AC inhibitors in various cancer cell lines/models.

scholarly journals The Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of Apoptosis in Lung Cancer and Its Application in Cancer Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norahayu Othman ◽  
Noor Hasima Nagoor
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lung Carcinogenesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Stage Diagnosis ◽  
Anticancer Treatment

Lung cancer remains to be one of the most common and serious types of cancer worldwide. While treatment is available, the survival rate of this cancer is still critically low due to late stage diagnosis and high frequency of drug resistance, thus highlighting the pressing need for a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in lung carcinogenesis. Studies in the past years have evidenced that microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical players in the regulation of various biological functions, including apoptosis, which is a process frequently evaded in cancer progression. Recently, miRNAs were demonstrated to possess proapoptotic or antiapoptotic abilities through the targeting of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. This review examines the involvement of miRNAs in the apoptotic process of lung cancer and will also touch on the promising evidence supporting the role of miRNAs in regulating sensitivity to anticancer treatment.

scholarly journals Dual role of endothelial cell signaling in cancer progression

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. iii29
Author(s):  
D.A. Ferraro ◽  
R. Goosen ◽  
F. Patella ◽  
S. Zanivan ◽  
M. Buess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cell ◽  
Cell Signaling ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Dual Role

scholarly journals Role of Extracellular Matrix in Development and Cancer Progression

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Walker ◽  
Elijah Mojares ◽  
Armando del Río Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Malignant Cell ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Biophysical Forces ◽  
Key Drivers

The immense diversity of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins confers distinct biochemical and biophysical properties that influence cell phenotype. The ECM is highly dynamic as it is constantly deposited, remodelled, and degraded during development until maturity to maintain tissue homeostasis. The ECM’s composition and organization are spatiotemporally regulated to control cell behaviour and differentiation, but dysregulation of ECM dynamics leads to the development of diseases such as cancer. The chemical cues presented by the ECM have been appreciated as key drivers for both development and cancer progression. However, the mechanical forces present due to the ECM have been largely ignored but recently recognized to play critical roles in disease progression and malignant cell behaviour. Here, we review the ways in which biophysical forces of the microenvironment influence biochemical regulation and cell phenotype during key stages of human development and cancer progression.

scholarly journals Extracellular Chaperones as Novel Biomarkers of Overall Cancer Progression and Efficacy of Anticancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6009
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Anna Krawczyk ◽  
Agata Pospieszynska ◽  
Małgorzata Styczewska ◽  
Ewa Bien ◽  
Sambor Sawicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Immune System Regulation ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Shock Proteins

Exosomal heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in intercellular communication both in physiological and pathological conditions. They play a role in key processes of carcinogenesis including immune system regulation, cell differentiation, vascular homeostasis and metastasis formation. Thus, exosomal Hsps are emerging biomarkers of malignancies and possible therapeutic targets. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) are patients aged 15–39 years. This age group, placed between pediatric and adult oncology, pose a particular challenge for cancer management. New biomarkers of cancer growth and progression as well as prognostic factors are desperately needed in AYAs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomal Hsps in selected solid tumors characteristic for the AYA population and/or associated with poor prognosis in this age group. These included malignant melanoma, brain tumors, and breast, colorectal, thyroid, hepatocellular, lung and gynecological tract carcinomas. The studies on exosomal Hsps in these tumors are limited; however; some have provided promising results. Although further research is needed, there is potential for future clinical applications of exosomal Hsps in AYA cancers, both as novel biomarkers of disease presence, progression or relapse, or as therapeutic targets or tools for drug delivery.

Abstract 2274: The dual role of fibronectin in lung cancer progression

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Chi Cheng ◽  
Ming-Min Chang ◽  
Yau-Lin Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Dual Role

scholarly journals The Dual Role of High Endothelial Venules in Cancer Progression versus Immunity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Milutinovic ◽  
Jun Abe ◽  
Andrew Godkin ◽  
Jens V. Stein ◽  
Awen Gallimore
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
High Endothelial Venules

scholarly journals Emerging Role of Podocalyxin in the Progression of Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Estíbaliz Tamayo-Orbegozo ◽  
Laura Amo ◽  
Javier Díez-García ◽  
Elena Amutio ◽  
Marta Riñón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
New Evidence

Mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) constitutes a group of heterogeneous malignant lymphoproliferative diseases ranging from indolent to highly aggressive forms. Although the survival after chemo-immunotherapy treatment of mature B-NHL has increased over the last years, many patients relapse or remain refractory due to drug resistance, presenting an unfavorable prognosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Podocalyxin (PODXL), a sialomucin overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and associated with their aggressiveness, has been implicated in multiple aspects of cancer progression, although its participation in hematological malignancies remains unexplored. New evidence points to a role for PODXL in mature B-NHL cell proliferation, survival, migration, drug resistance, and metabolic reprogramming, as well as enhanced levels of PODXL in mature B-NHL. Here, we review the current knowledge on the contribution of PODXL to tumorigenesis, highlighting and discussing its role in mature B-NHL progression.

scholarly journals Sex chromosome evolution among amniotes: is the origin of sex chromosomes non-random?

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1833) ◽  
pp. 20200108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukáš Kratochvíl ◽  
Tony Gamble ◽  
Michail Rovatsos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Sex Chromosome Evolution ◽  
Great Opportunity

Sex chromosomes are a great example of a convergent evolution at the genomic level, having evolved dozens of times just within amniotes. An intriguing question is whether this repeated evolution was random, or whether some ancestral syntenic blocks have significantly higher chance to be co-opted for the role of sex chromosomes owing to their gene content related to gonad development. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the evolutionary history of sex determination and sex chromosomes in amniotes and evaluate the hypothesis of non-random emergence of sex chromosomes. The current data on the origin of sex chromosomes in amniotes suggest that their evolution is indeed non-random. However, this non-random pattern is not very strong, and many syntenic blocks representing putatively independently evolved sex chromosomes are unique. Still, repeatedly co-opted chromosomes are an excellent model system, as independent co-option of the same genomic region for the role of sex chromosome offers a great opportunity for testing evolutionary scenarios on the sex chromosome evolution under the explicit control for the genomic background and gene identity. Future studies should use these systems more to explore the convergent/divergent evolution of sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)’.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormone Plays an Important Role in Cardiac Function: From Bench to Bedside

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamakawa ◽  
Tomoko S. Kato ◽  
Jaeduk Yoshimura Noh ◽  
Shinsuke Yuasa ◽  
Akio Kawamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Antiarrhythmic Agent ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cardiac Contractility ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systolic And Diastolic Function

Thyroid hormones (THs) are synthesized in the thyroid gland, and they circulate in the blood to regulate cells, tissues, and organs in the body. In particular, they exert several effects on the cardiovascular system. It is well known that THs raise the heart rate and cardiac contractility, improve the systolic and diastolic function of the heart, and decrease systemic vascular resistance. In the past 30 years, some researchers have studied the molecular pathways that mediate the role of TH in the cardiovascular system, to better understand its mechanisms of action. Two types of mechanisms, which are genomic and non-genomic pathways, underlie the effects of THs on cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the action of THs in the cardiac function, the clinical manifestation and parameters of their hemodynamics, and treatment principles for patients with hyperthyroid- or hypothyroid-associated heart disease. We also describe the cardiovascular drugs that induce thyroid dysfunction and explain the mechanism underlying the thyroid toxicity of amiodarone, which is considered the most effective antiarrhythmic agent. Finally, we discuss the recent reports on the involvement of thyroid hormones in the regulation of myocardial regeneration and metabolism in the adult heart.

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