scholarly journals On the Role of Optimal Counseling and Antiviral Therapy on Controlling HCV among Intravenous Drug Misusers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steady Mushayabasa
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Hcv Screening ◽  
Guidelines And Recommendations

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a major health challenge despite the availability of highly effective antiviral drugs. Prior studies suggest that many physicians are reluctant to treat intravenous drug misusers due to low levels of treatment adherence associated with intravenous drug misusers. HCV treatment guidelines and recommendations stipulate that HCV patients in treatment should abstain from intravenous drug misuse activities in order to reduce the likelihood of treatment failure, drug resistance, reinfection, superinfection, or mixed infection. In this paper, a mathematical model for exploring the transmission dynamics of HCV among intravenous drug misusers is proposed. The model incorporates essential characteristics of intravenous drug misusers such as relapse and nonadherence to treatment guidelines. With the aid of optimal control theory we assess the effects of time dependent HCV screening and treatment. Results from this study provide a framework for designing the appropriate strategies on controlling the long-term dynamics of HCV among intravenous drug users.

scholarly journals Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Bukowski ◽  
Filip Novokmet
Keyword(s):  
Household Survey ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Capital Income ◽  
Sharp Rise ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Distribution Of Income

AbstractWe construct the first consistent series on the long-term distribution of income in Poland by combining tax, household survey and national accounts data. We document a U-shaped evolution of inequalities from the end of the nineteenth century until today: (1) inequality was high before WWII; (2) abruptly fell after the introduction of communism in 1947 and stagnated at low levels during the whole communist period; (3) experienced a sharp rise with the return to capitalism in 1989. We find that official survey-based measures strongly under-estimate the rise in inequality since 1989. Our results highlight the prominent role of capital income in driving the U-shaped evolution of top income shares. The unique inequality history of Poland speaks to the central role of institutions and policies in shaping inequality in the long run.

The long-term effectiveness and acceptability of the retailer-led removal of unhealthy drinks from display in a self-service café

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1832-1837
Author(s):  
Angela Ryan ◽  
Oliver Huse ◽  
Miranda R Blake ◽  
Tara Boelsen-Robinson ◽  
Kia Noble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Population Health ◽  
State Government ◽  
Hospital Staff ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Nutrient Profiling ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Self Service

AbstractObjective:In 2015, beverages were removed from display at a self-service café within a major health service, resulting in fewer purchases of unhealthy beverages. This initiative was continued following initial evaluation of the results. The current study aimed to determine customer acceptability of the initiative, and whether healthier purchases had continued, at 18 months following implementation.Design:Drinks were categorised as ‘green’ (best choices), ‘amber’ (choose carefully) and ‘red’ (limit), based on the state government nutrient profiling system, for intervention and analysis purposes. In 2015, unhealthy ‘red’ drinks were removed from display. In 2017, weekly beverage sales were counted, through stock-taking, for 6 weeks, and customer surveys were conducted over 2 days.Setting:A café located within a major Victorian health service.Participants:Café customers (hospital staff, patients and visitors).Results:Eighteen months after the implementation of the initiative, the proportion of ‘red’ beverages sold was 7 % of total drink sales (compared with 33 % before the removal of unhealthy beverages from display in 2015 (P < 0·001), and 10 % immediately following the removal of unhealthy beverages from display). Customer surveys revealed high levels of acceptability for the initiative and low levels of awareness of the initiative.Conclusions:The removal of unhealthy beverages from display can result in customers making healthier purchases, and this appears to continue over the long-term. Such interventions have the potential to contribute to the sustained shift in population purchases and consumption needed to make meaningful improvements to population health.

Long-Term Outcome for the Surgical Treatment of Infective Endocarditis With a Focus on Intravenous Drug Users

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Rabkin ◽  
Nahush A. Mokadam ◽  
Donald W. Miller ◽  
Raymond R. Goetz ◽  
Edward D. Verrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Infective Endocarditis ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Intravenous Drug Users ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome

Management of hospitalized intravenous drug users: Role of the internist

1994 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick G. O'Connor ◽  
Jeffrey H. Samet ◽  
Michael D. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Drug Users ◽  
Intravenous Drug ◽  
Intravenous Drug Users

scholarly journals The role of drug use in the spread and course of HIV-infection: a comprehensive view of the situation

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
N. A. Belyakov ◽  
V. V. Rassokhin ◽  
O. E. Simakina ◽  
S. V. Ogurtsova ◽  
N. B. Khalezova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Long Term Study

Intention. To conduct an analysis of HIV infections spread among drug users and subsequently show how HIV spreads in the society under interaction of drug addicts with other people.Methodology. An analysis of studies related to the area of research made by leading scientists in the field of epidemiology, infectology, narcology, psychiatry for a long-term period has been performed.Results and Discussion. Long-term study and thorough analysis demonstrate a persisting role of drug use and drug users in the spread of HIV infection and viral hepatitis through sexual contact and injection equipment and show main mechanisms of involvement all social groups in infection process.Conclusion. Injecting drug users represent a large number of people living with HIV, the least adherent to antiretroviral therapy and setting the stage for HIV transmitting in healthy population and maintaining the epidemic process at a high level.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of Industrial Development in Pakistan: A Long-Term Perspective

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Ali ◽  
Adeel Malik
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Special Interests ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Low Levels

Private industrial development in Pakistan has a mixed track record. This paper presents a political economy overview of industrial development in Pakistan. Starting with an analysis of initial conditions, such as low levels of urbanization and out-migration of bourgeoisie, the paper looks at the ways in which policies were used to create advantages for elites and special interests. The paper also investigates the role of foreign aid in distorting industrial structure.

Adjusting after stroke: Changes in sense of purpose in life and the role of social support, relationship strain, and time

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1831-1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A Lewis ◽  
Hannah Brazeau ◽  
Patrick L Hill
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Sense Of Purpose ◽  
Multilevel Growth Modeling ◽  
Retirement Study

It is unclear how the onset of a major health condition, such as a stroke, may impact sense of purpose long-term and whether social factors influence this change. We examined changes in purpose in 716 stroke patients ( Mage = 72.09 years, 52.5% female) who participated in the Health and Retirement Study between 2006 and 2014. Multilevel growth modeling indicated that recent stroke patients’ sense of purpose declined over time relative to pre-stroke purpose, whereas those suffering stroke prior to baseline demonstrated relative stability. Furthermore, social support was associated with initial levels but not change in sense of purpose.

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