scholarly journals Litter Controls Earthworm-Mediated Carbon and Nitrogen Transformations in Soil from Temperate Riparian Buffers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kernecker ◽  
Joann K. Whalen ◽  
Robert L. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Riparian Buffers ◽  
Litter Type ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Microcosm Experiment ◽  
Reed Canarygrass ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
C And N ◽  
Native Tree Species

Nutrient cycling in riparian buffers is partly influenced by decomposition of crop, grass, and native tree species litter. Nonnative earthworms in riparian soils in southern Quebec are expected to speed the processes of litter decomposition and nitrogen (N) mineralization, increasing carbon (C) and N losses in gaseous forms or via leachate. A 5-month microcosm experiment evaluated the effect ofAporrectodea turgidaon the decomposition of 3 litter types (deciduous leaves, reed canarygrass, and soybean stem residue). Earthworms increased CO2and N2O losses from microcosms with soybean residue, by 112% and 670%, respectively, but reduced CO2and N2O fluxes from microcosms with reed canarygrass by 120% and 220%, respectively. Litter type controlled the CO2flux (soybean ≥ deciduous-mix litter = reed canarygrass > no litter) and the N2O flux (soybean ≥ no litter ≥ reed canarygrass > deciduous-mix litter). However, in the presence of earthworms, there was a slight increase in C and N gaseous losses of C and N relative to their losses via leachate, across litter treatments. We conclude that litter type determines the earthworm-mediated decomposition effect, highlighting the importance of vegetation management in controlling C and N losses from riparian buffers to the environment.

scholarly journals Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur (CNS) status and dynamics in Amazon basin upland soils, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Matschullat ◽  
Roberval Monteiro Bezerra de Lima ◽  
Sophie F. von Fromm ◽  
Solveig Pospiech ◽  
Andrea M. Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Regional Climate Change ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
C And N

Abstract. Given the dimensions of the Amazon basin (7.5 million km2), its internal dynamics, increasing anthropogenic strain on this large biome, and its global role as one of two continental biospheric tipping elements, it appears crucial to have data-based knowledge on carbon and nitrogen concentrations and pools as well as on possible intra-annual dynamics. We quantified carbon (Ct, Corg), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) concentrations in litter (ORG) and mineral soil material (TOP 0–20 cm, BOT 30–50 cm) of upland (terra firme) oxisols across Amazonas state and present a first pool calculation. Data are based on triplicate seasonal sampling at 29 sites (forest and post-forest) within the binational project EcoRespira-Amazon (ERA). Repeated sampling increased data accuracy and allows for interpreting intra-annual (seasonal) and climate-change related dynamics. Extreme conditions between the dry season in 2016 and the subsequent wet season (ENSO-related) show differences more clearly. Median CNS in the Amazon basin TOP soils (Ct 1.9, Corg 1.6, N 0.15, S 0.03 wt-% under forest canopy) as well as Corg / N ratios show concentrations similar to European soils (FOREGS, GEMAS). TOP Ct concentrations ranged from 1.02 to 3.29 wt-% (medianForest 2.17 wt-%; medianPost-Forest 1.75 wt-%), N from 0.088 to 0.233 wt-% (medianForest 0.17 wt-%; medianPost-Forest 0.09 wt-%) and S from 0.012 to 0.051 wt.-% (medianForest 0.03 wt.-%; medianPost-Forest 0.02 wt-%). Corg / N ratios ranged from 6 to 14 (median 10). A first pool calculation (hectare-based) illustrates forest versus post-forest changes. The elements are unevenly distributed in the basin with generally higher CNS values in the central part (Amazonas graben) as compared to the southern part of the basin. Deforestation and drought conditions lead to C and N losses – within 50 years after deforestation, C and N losses average 10 to 15 %. Regional climate change with increased drought will likely speed up carbon and nitrogen losses.

Influence of soil texture on protozoa-induced mineralization of bacterial carbon and nitrogen

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Rutherford ◽  
N. G. Juma
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Mineralization Rate ◽  
Microcosm Experiment ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Protozoan Grazing ◽  
C And N ◽  
Typic Cryoboroll ◽  
Bacterial C

Texture affects pore space, bacterial and protozoan populations and their activity in soil. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that protozoa grazing on bacteria increase the mineralization of bacterial C and N more in coarse-textured soils than in fine-textured soils. The microcosm experiment consisted of samples from three sterilized Orthic Black Chernozemic soils (SiC, CL and SL) inoculated with Pseudomonos bacteria, two treatments (with and without protozoa), and five sampling dates. The Pseudomonas population was labelled in situ by adding glucose- 14C and KNO3-15N (day 0). A species of Acanthamoeba was added to the microcosms on Day 2. On Day 4 bacterial numbers in all three soils were approximately 3 × 109 g−1 soil. The greatest reduction of bacteria due to protozoan grazing occurred between day 4 and day 7. All soils showed increased CO2-14C evolution and NH4-15N mineralization due to protozoan grazing but the mineralization rate of labelled N in the SL soil was much greater than in the fine-textured soils. The effect of texture on protozoan grazing was not as marked between day 12 and day 37 as earlier in the incubation. Protozoan-induced effects were transient in the soils studied and were most apparent in the coarse-textured soil. Key words: 14C, 15N, N mineralization-immobilization, bacteria, organic matter, Typic Cryoboroll, porosity, protozoa

scholarly journals The carbon and nitrogen budget of Desmophyllum dianthus—a voracious cold-water coral thriving in an acidified Patagonian fjord

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12609
Author(s):  
Sandra R. Maier ◽  
Carin Jantzen ◽  
Jürgen Laudien ◽  
Verena Häussermann ◽  
Günter Försterra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Ammonium Excretion ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Desmophyllum Dianthus ◽  
C And N ◽  
Water Coral

In the North Patagonian fjord region, the cold-water coral (CWC) Desmophyllum dianthus occurs in high densities, in spite of low pH and aragonite saturation. If and how these conditions affect the energy demand of the corals is so far unknown. In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen (C, N) budget of D. dianthus from Comau Fjord under three feeding scenarios: (1) live fjord zooplankton (100–2,300 µm), (2) live fjord zooplankton plus krill (>7 mm), and (3) four-day food deprivation. In closed incubations, C and N budgets were derived from the difference between C and N uptake during feeding and subsequent C and N loss through respiration, ammonium excretion, release of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen (POC, PON). Additional feeding with krill significantly increased coral respiration (35%), excretion (131%), and POC release (67%) compared to feeding on zooplankton only. Nevertheless, the higher C and N losses were overcompensated by the threefold higher C and N uptake, indicating a high assimilation and growth efficiency for the krill plus zooplankton diet. In contrast, short food deprivation caused a substantial reduction in respiration (59%), excretion (54%), release of POC (73%) and PON (87%) compared to feeding on zooplankton, suggesting a high potential to acclimatize to food scarcity (e.g., in winter). Notwithstanding, unfed corals ‘lost’ 2% of their tissue-C and 1.2% of their tissue-N per day in terms of metabolism and released particulate organic matter (likely mucus). To balance the C (N) losses, each D. dianthus polyp has to consume around 700 (400) zooplankters per day. The capture of a single, large krill individual, however, provides enough C and N to compensate daily C and N losses and grow tissue reserves, suggesting that krill plays an important nutritional role for the fjord corals. Efficient krill and zooplankton capture, as well as dietary and metabolic flexibility, may enable D. dianthus to thrive under adverse environmental conditions in its fjord habitat; however, it is not known how combined anthropogenic warming, acidification and eutrophication jeopardize the energy balance of this important habitat-building species.

scholarly journals Forest defoliator pests alter carbon and nitrogen cycles

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 160361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne l-M-Arnold ◽  
Maren Grüning ◽  
Judy Simon ◽  
Annett-Barbara Reinhardt ◽  
Norbert Lamersdorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
C And N

Climate change may foster pest epidemics in forests, and thereby the fluxes of elements that are indicators of ecosystem functioning. We examined compounds of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in insect faeces, leaf litter, throughfall and analysed the soils of deciduous oak forests ( Quercus petraea  L.) that were heavily infested by the leaf herbivores winter moth ( Operophtera brumata  L.) and mottled umber ( Erannis defoliaria  L.). In infested forests, total net canopy-to-soil fluxes of C and N deriving from insect faeces, leaf litter and throughfall were 30- and 18-fold higher compared with uninfested oak forests, with 4333 kg C ha −1 and 319 kg N ha −1 , respectively, during a pest outbreak over 3 years. In infested forests, C and N levels in soil solutions were enhanced and C/N ratios in humus layers were reduced indicating an extended canopy-to-soil element pathway compared with the non-infested forests. In a microcosm incubation experiment, soil treatments with insect faeces showed 16-fold higher fluxes of carbon dioxide and 10-fold higher fluxes of dissolved organic carbon compared with soil treatments without added insect faeces (control). Thus, the deposition of high rates of nitrogen and rapidly decomposable carbon compounds in the course of forest pest epidemics appears to stimulate soil microbial activity (i.e. heterotrophic respiration), and therefore, may represent an important mechanism by which climate change can initiate a carbon cycle feedback.

scholarly journals Distribution and altitudinal patterns of carbon and nitrogen storage in various forest ecosystems in the central Yunnan Plateau, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqiang Li ◽  
Qibo Chen ◽  
Zhuang Li ◽  
Bangxiao Peng ◽  
Jianlong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Pinus Yunnanensis ◽  
Yunnan Plateau ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
C And N ◽  
Quercus Semecarpifolia ◽  
Management Policies

AbstractThe carbon (C) pool in forest ecosystems plays a long-term and sustained role in mitigating the impacts of global warming, and the sequestration of C is closely linked to the nitrogen (N) cycle. Accurate estimates C and N storage (SC, SN) of forest can improve our understanding of C and N cycles and help develop sustainable forest management policies in the content of climate change. In this study, the SC and SN of various forest ecosystems dominated respectively by Castanopsis carlesii and Lithocarpus mairei (EB), Pinus yunnanensis (PY), Pinus armandii (PA), Keteleeria evelyniana (KE), and Quercus semecarpifolia (QS) in the central Yunnan Plateau of China, were estimated on the basis of a field inventory to determine the distribution and altitudinal patterns of SC and SN among various forest ecosystems. The results showed that (1) the forest SC ranged from 179.58 ± 20.57 t hm−1 in QS to 365.89 ± 35.03 t hm−1 in EB. Soil, living biomass and litter contributed an average of 64.73%, 31.72% and 2.86% to forest SC, respectively; (2) the forest SN ranged from 4.47 ± 0.94 t ha−1 in PY to 8.91 ± 1.83 t ha−1 in PA. Soil, plants and litter contributed an average of 86.88%, 10.27% and 2.85% to forest SN, respectively; (3) the forest SC and SN decreased apparently with increasing altitude. The result demonstrates that changes in forest types can strongly affect the forest SC and SN. This study provides baseline information for forestland managers regarding forest resource utilization and C management.

scholarly journals Biochar Volatile Matter and Feedstock Effects on Soil Nitrogen Mineralization and Soil Fungal Colonization

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2018
Author(s):  
Tai McClellan Maaz ◽  
William C. Hockaday ◽  
Jonathan L. Deenik
Keyword(s):  
Hydrolytic Enzyme ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Relationship Of

Biochar has important biogeochemical functions in soil—first as a means to sequester carbon, and second as a soil conditioner to potentially enhance soil quality and fertility. Volatile matter (VM) content is a property of biochar that describes its degree of thermal alteration, which can have a direct influence on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil. In this study, we characterized the VM in biochars derived from two locally sourced feedstocks (corncob and kiawe wood) and evaluated the relationship of VM content to nitrogen transformations and culturable fungal biomass. Using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we found that the VM content of biochar primarily consisted of alkyl (5.1–10.1%), oxygen-substituted alkyl (2.2–6.7%), and phenolic carbon (9.4–11.6%). In a series of laboratory incubations, we demonstrated that corncob biochars with high VM (23%) content provide a source of bioavailable carbon that appeared to support enhanced viable, culturable fungi (up to 8 fold increase) and cause nitrogen immobilization in the short-term. Corncob biochar with bioavailable VM was nitrogen-limited, and the addition of nitrogen fertilizer resulted in a four-fold increase in total hydrolytic enzyme activity and the abundance of culturable fungal colonies. In contrast, kiawe biochar with an equivalent VM content differed substantially in its composition and effect on these same biological parameters. Therefore, the rapid measurement of VM content is too coarse to differentiate chemical composition and to predict the behavior of biochars across feedstocks and production methods.

scholarly journals Soil gross nitrogen transformations in forestland and cropland of Regosols

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ren ◽  
Jinbo Zhang ◽  
Hamidou Bah ◽  
Christoph Müller ◽  
Zucong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
N Transformations ◽  
Autotrophic Nitrification ◽  
Land Use Types

AbstractSoil gross nitrogen (N) transformations could be influenced by land use change, however, the differences in inherent N transformations between different land use soils are still not well understood under subtropical conditions. In this study, an 15N tracing experiment was applied to determine the influence of land uses on gross N transformations in Regosols, widely distributed soils in Southwest China. Soil samples were taken from the dominant land use types of forestland and cropland. In the cropland soils, the gross autotrophic nitrification rates (mean 14.54 ± 1.66 mg N kg−1 day−1) were significantly higher, while the gross NH4+ immobilization rates (mean 0.34 ± 0.10 mg N kg−1 day−1) were significantly lower than those in the forestland soils (mean 1.99 ± 0.56 and 6.67 ± 0.74 mg N kg−1 day−1, respectively). The gross NO3− immobilization and dissimilatory NO3− reduction to NH4+ (DNRA) rates were not significantly different between the forestland and cropland soils. In comparison to the forestland soils (mean 0.51 ± 0.24), the cropland soils had significantly lower NO3− retention capacities (mean 0.01 ± 0.01), indicating that the potential N losses in the cropland soils were higher. The correlation analysis demonstrated that soil gross autotrophic nitrification rate was negatively and gross NH4+ immobilization rate was positively related to the SOC content and C/N ratio. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to increase soil SOC content and C/N ratio to enhance soil N immobilization ability and NO3− retention capacity and thus reduce NO3− losses from the Regosols.

scholarly journals Fate of carbon and nitrogen from plant residue decomposition in a calcareous soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nourbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Order Kinetic Model

Carbon and nitrogen transformations in soil are microbially mediated processes that are functionally related. The fate of C and N was monitored in a clay-textured soil (Typic Haplocambid) which was either unamended (control) or amended with various plant materials at the rate of 10 g residue C/kg soil. To evaluate C mineralization, soils were incubated for 46 days under aerobic conditions. Nitrogen mineralization/immobilization was evaluated at the end of eight-week incubation experiment. All CO<sub>2</sub> evolution data conformed well to a first-order kinetic model, C<sub>m&nbsp;</sub>= C<sub>0</sub> (1 &ndash; e<sup>&ndash;Kt</sup>). The product of K and C<sub>0 </sub>(KC<sub>0</sub>) was significantly correlated with some chemical and biochemical properties of the plant residues, including N concentration (r = 0.83, P &lt; 0.001), C:N (r = &ndash;0.64, P &lt; 0.05) and lignin:N (r = &ndash;0.81, P &lt; 0.001). Among the plant residue composition characteristics, N concentration (r = 0.96, P &lt; 0.001), C:N (r = &ndash;0.69, P &lt; 0.01) and lignin:N (r = &ndash;0.68, P &lt; 0.01) were significantly correlated with the net rates of N mineralization/immobilization (N<sub>m/i</sub>).

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