scholarly journals The Effect of Maternal Stress Activation on the Offspring during Lactation in Light of Vasopressin

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fodor ◽  
Dóra Zelena
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Stress Adaptation ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Main Target ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stress Activation

Although it is obvious that preconceptional effects as well as stressors during pregnancy profoundly influence the progeny, the lactation period seems to be at least as important. Here we summarize how maternal stressors during the lactation period affect the offspring. As vasopressin is one of the crucial components both for stress adaptation and social behavior, special emphasis was given to this neuropeptide. We can conclude that stressing the mother does not have the same acute effect on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (as the main target of stress adaptation) of the pups as stressing the pups, but later endocrine and behavioral consequences can be similar. Vasopressin plays a role in acute and later consequences of perinatal stressor applied either to the mother or to the offspring, thereby contributing to transmitting the mothers’ stress to the progeny. This mother-infant interaction does not necessarily mean a direct transmission of molecules, but rather is the result of programming the brain development through changes in maternal behavior. Thus, there is a time lag between maternal stress and stress-related changes in the offspring. The interactions are bidirectional as not only stress in the dam but also stress in the progeny has an effect on nursing.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

scholarly journals Novel rapid-acting antidepressants: molecular and cellular signaling mechanisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra M. Thomas ◽  
Ronald S. Duman
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cellular Signaling ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Research Techniques ◽  
The Brain

Depression is a chronic, debilitating, and common illness. Currently available pharmacotherapies can be helpful but have several major drawbacks, including substantial rates of low or no response and a long therapeutic time lag. In pursuit of better treatment options, recent research has focussed on rapid-acting antidepressants, including the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine, which affects a range of signaling pathways in ways that are distinct from the mechanisms of typical antidepressants. Because ketamine and similar drugs hold the promise of dramatically improving treatment options for depressed patients, there has been considerable interest in developing new ways to understand how these compounds affect the brain. Here, we review the current understanding of how rapid-acting antidepressants function, including their effects on neuronal signaling pathways and neural circuits, and the research techniques being used to address these questions.

scholarly journals Acute Glycemic Changes in Brain and Subcutaneous Tissue Measured by Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Hereditary Hypertriglyceridemic Rat

2018 ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
M. ŽOUREK ◽  
P. KYSELOVÁ ◽  
D. ČECHUROVÁ ◽  
Z. RUŠAVÝ
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Level ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Time Shift ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Glucose Dynamics ◽  
The Brain

Parallel glucose measurements in blood and other different tissues give us knowledge about dynamics of glycemia changes, which depend on vascularization, distribution space and local utilization by tissues. Such information is important for the understanding of glucose homeostasis and regulation. The aim of our study was to determine the time-lag between blood, brain, and adipose tissue during rapid glucose changes in a male hHTG rat (n=15). The CGMS sensor Guardian RT (Minimed/Medtronic, USA) was inserted into the brain and into the abdominal subcutaneous tissue. Fixed insulin and variable rate of glucose infusion was used to maintain euglycemia during sensor calibration period. At 0 min, 0.5 g/kg of bolus of glucose was administered, and at 50 min, 5 IU/kg of bolus of insulin was administered. Further glucose and insulin infusion was stopped at this time. The experiment was finished at 130 min and animals were euthanized. The time-shift between glycemia changes in blood, brain, and subcutaneous tissue was calculated by identification of the ideal correlation function. Moreover, the time to achieve 90 % of the maximum glucose excursion after intervention (T90) was measured to compare our data with the literature. The time-lag blood vs. brain and blood vs. subcutaneous tissue was 10 (10; 15) min and 15 (15; 25) min, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.01). T90 after glucose bolus in brain and subcutaneous tissue was 10 min (8.75; 15) and 15 min (13.75; 21.25), respectively. T90 after insulin bolus in brain and subcutaneous tissue was 10 min (10; 15) and 20 min (20; 27.5), respectively. To the contrary, with literature, our results showed earlier glucose level changes in brain in comparison with subcutaneous tissue after glucose and insulin boluses. Our results suggest that glucose dynamics is different within monitored tissues under rapid changing glucose level and we can expect similar behavior in humans. Improved knowledge about glucose distribution and dynamics is important for avoiding hypoglycemia.

scholarly journals Decidual cell FKBP51–progesterone receptor binding mediates maternal stress–induced preterm birth

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (11) ◽  
pp. e2010282118
Author(s):  
Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli ◽  
Nihan Semerci ◽  
Xiaofang Guo ◽  
Kellie Larsen ◽  
Asli Ozmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Maternal Stress ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
Decidual Cell ◽  
Fk506 Binding Protein ◽  
Decidual Cells ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
The Brain

Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder increase the risk of idiopathic preterm birth (iPTB); however, the exact molecular mechanism is unknown. Depression and stress-related disorders are linked to increased FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) expression levels in the brain and/or FKBP5 gene polymorphisms. Fkbp5-deficient (Fkbp5−/−) mice resist stress-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. FKBP51 binding to progesterone (P4) receptors (PRs) inhibits PR function. Moreover, reduced PR activity and/or expression stimulates human labor. We report enhanced in situ FKBP51 expression and increased nuclear FKBP51-PR binding in decidual cells of women with iPTB versus gestational age-matched controls. In Fkbp5+/+ mice, maternal restraint stress did not accelerate systemic P4 withdrawal but increased Fkbp5, decreased PR, and elevated AKR1C18 expression in uteri at E17.25 followed by reduced P4 levels and increased oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) expression at 18.25 in uteri resulting in PTB. These changes correlate with inhibition of uterine PR function by maternal stress–induced FKBP51. In contrast, Fkbp5−/− mice exhibit prolonged gestation and are completely resistant to maternal stress–induced PTB and labor-inducing uterine changes detected in stressed Fkbp5+/+ mice. Collectively, these results uncover a functional P4 withdrawal mechanism mediated by maternal stress–induced enhanced uterine FKBP51 expression and FKPB51-PR binding, resulting in iPTB.

Brain Mechanisms Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-98
Author(s):  
Michael Numan
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Maternal Responsiveness ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Maternal Motivation ◽  
Olfactory Input ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pregnancy Hormones

Chapter 4 examines the roles of oxytocin (OT) and olfaction in the maternal behavior of nonhuman mammals. It also presents an overview of brain anatomy. In concert with pregnancy hormones, the release of OT into the brain, derived from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, stimulates the onset of maternal behavior. Although OT is not required for the maintenance of maternal behavior, it does enhance maternal behavior during the postpartum period in challenging environments by decreasing anxiety and increasing maternal motivation. OT, in the absence of pregnancy hormones, may also enhance maternal responsiveness in alloparents. For many postpartum mammals, maternal motivation is under multisensory control, and olfaction is not required, although it is necessary for maternal selectivity in sheep. In contrast, for laboratory mice, olfaction is essential for maternal motivation. For virgin female rats and rabbits, olfactory input from pups inhibits maternal behavior, but this inhibition is eliminated at parturition.

The acute effect of estrogen on the brain hippocampus

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. e344-e345
Author(s):  
Suguru Kawato ◽  
Rei Sato
Keyword(s):  
Acute Effect ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Discovery of Inhibitors of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase as Cognitive Enhancers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Andersson ◽  
Mathias Hallberg
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebroventricular Injection ◽  
Binding Affinities ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Angiotensin Iv ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Main Target ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ang Iv ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The hexapeptide angiotensin IV (Ang IV) is a metabolite of angiotensin II (Ang II) and plays a central role in the brain. It was reported more than two decades ago that intracerebroventricular injection of Ang IV improved memory and learning in the rat. Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the positive effects of Ang IV and related analogues on cognition. It has been proposed that the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is the main target of Ang IV. This paper discusses progress in the discovery of inhibitors of IRAP as potential enhancers of cognitive functions. Very potent inhibitors of the protease have been synthesised, but pharmacokinetic issues (including problems associated with crossing the blood-brain barrier) remain to be solved. The paper also briefly presents an overview of the status in the discovery of inhibitors of ACE and renin, and of AT1R antagonists and AT2R agonists, in order to enable other discovery processes within the RAS system to be compared. The paper focuses on the relationship between binding affinities/inhibition capacity and the structures of the ligands that interact with the target proteins.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document