scholarly journals Network-Based Analysis of Software Change Propagation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcun Wang ◽  
Rubing Huang ◽  
Binbin Qu
Keyword(s):  
Open Source Software ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Software Projects ◽  
Dependency Networks ◽  
Class Level

The object-oriented software systems frequently evolve to meet new change requirements. Understanding the characteristics of changes aids testers and system designers to improve the quality of softwares. Identifying important modules becomes a key issue in the process of evolution. In this context, a novel network-based approach is proposed to comprehensively investigate change distributions and the correlation between centrality measures and the scope of change propagation. First, software dependency networks are constructed at class level. And then, the number of times of cochanges among classes is minded from software repositories. According to the dependency relationships and the number of times of cochanges among classes, the scope of change propagation is calculated. Using Spearman rank correlation analyzes the correlation between centrality measures and the scope of change propagation. Three case studies on java open source software projects Findbugs, Hibernate, and Spring are conducted to research the characteristics of change propagation. Experimental results show that (i) change distribution is very uneven; (ii) PageRank, Degree, and CIRank are significantly correlated to the scope of change propagation. Particularly, CIRank shows higher correlation coefficient, which suggests it can be a more useful indicator for measuring the scope of change propagation of classes in object-oriented software system.

scholarly journals Internal Quality Evolution of Open-Source Software Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5690
Author(s):  
Mamdouh Alenezi
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Software Evolution ◽  
Quality Metrics ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Software Metric ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The evolution of software is necessary for the success of software systems. Studying the evolution of software and understanding it is a vocal topic of study in software engineering. One of the primary concepts of software evolution is that the internal quality of a software system declines when it evolves. In this paper, the method of evolution of the internal quality of object-oriented open-source software systems has been examined by applying a software metric approach. More specifically, we analyze how software systems evolve over versions regarding size and the relationship between size and different internal quality metrics. The results and observations of this research include: (i) there is a significant difference between different systems concerning the LOC variable (ii) there is a significant correlation between all pairwise comparisons of internal quality metrics, and (iii) the effect of complexity and inheritance on the LOC was positive and significant, while the effect of Coupling and Cohesion was not significant.

Comparison and Application of Metrics That Define the Components Modularity in Complex Products

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi D. Van Eikema Hommes
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Network Centrality ◽  
Good Pair ◽  
Centrality Metrics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Network Centrality ◽  
Sample Test

As the content and variety of technology increases in automobiles, the complexity of the system increases as well. Decomposing systems into modules is one of the ways to manage and reduce system complexity. This paper surveys and compares a number of state-of-art components modularity metrics, using 8 sample test systems. The metrics include Whitney Index (WI), Change Cost (CC), Singular value Modularity Index (SMI), Visibility-Dependency (VD) plot, and social network centrality measures (degree, distance, bridging). The investigation reveals that WI and CC form a good pair of metrics that can be used to assess component modularity of a system. The social network centrality metrics are useful in identifying areas of architecture improvements for a system. These metrics were further applied to two actual vehicle embedded software systems. The first system is going through an architecture transformation. The metrics from the old system revealed the need for the improvements. The second system was recently architected, and the metrics values showed the quality of the architecture as well as areas for further improvements.

scholarly journals Conceptual analysis of the notion of quality of services

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Besson ◽  
Albertas Čaplinskas
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Service Oriented

In the last decade the component technologies have evolved from object-oriented to serviceoriented ones. Services are seen as utilities based on a pay-for-use model. This model requires providing and guaranteeinga certain Quality of Service (QoS). However, QoS and even a service itself can be defined and understood in many different ways. It is by far not obvious which of these approaches and in what extent they should be used when developing service-oriented software systems. This paper analyzes the notion of QoS namely from this point of view.

Optimized Test Case Generation for Object Oriented Systems Using Weka Open Source Software

2021 ◽  
pp. 596-618
Author(s):  
Rajvir Singh ◽  
Anita Singhrova ◽  
Rajesh Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Test Case Generation ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Fault Proneness

Detection of fault proneness classes helps software testers to generate effective class level test cases. In this article, a novel technique is presented for an optimized test case generation for ant-1.7 open source software. Class level object oriented (OO) metrics are considered as effective means to find fault proneness classes. The open source software ant-1.7 is considered for the evaluation of proposed techniques as a case study. The proposed mathematical model is the first of its kind generated using Weka open source software to select effective OO metrics. Effective and ineffective OO metrics are identified using feature selection techniques for generating test cases to cover fault proneness classes. In this methodology, only effective metrics are considered for assigning weights to test paths. The results indicate that the proposed methodology is effective and efficient as the average fault exposition potential of generated test cases is 90.16% and test cases execution time saving is 45.11%.

Structural Epochs in Software

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A Gray ◽  
Bo Sandén ◽  
Phillip Laplante
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Software Projects ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
Method Class ◽  
Structural Levels ◽  
Structural Shifts

A way to measure the complexity of object-oriented software involves topological features of the code's hierarchical organization at the method, class, package, and component levels. Sangwan et al (2008) suggested that as certain software products evolve, this complexity shifts from lower to higher structural levels, or vice-versa. They studied three widely used open source software programs and showed that these structural shifts called “epochs” were present and suspected that this phenomenon was pervasive. To support or refute this assertion, 30 open source programs were studied and structural shifts in complexity were found significantly in 27 of them. In those projects where no complexity shift was evident, no refactoring had occurred. These findings further suggest that in large, open source software projects, when refactoring occurs a shifting in complexity from one level to another will occur.

Evolution Impact on Architecture Stability in Open-Source Projects

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamdouh Alenezi ◽  
Fakhry Khellah
Keyword(s):  
Software Architecture ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Efficient Technique ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Architecture Evolution

Software systems usually evolve constantly, which requires constant development and maintenance. Subsequently, the architecture of these systems tends to degrade with time. Therefore, stability is a key measure for evaluating an architecture. Open-source software systems are becoming progressively vital these days. Since open-source software systems are usually developed in a different management style, the quality of their architectures needs to be studied. ISO/IEC SQuaRe quality standard characterized stability as one of the sub-characteristics of maintainability. Unstable software architecture could cause the software to require high maintenance cost and effort. In this work, the authors propose a simple, yet efficient, technique that is based on carefully aggregating the package level stability in order to measure the change in the architecture level stability as the architecture evolution happens. The proposed method can be used to further study the cause behind the positive or negative architecture stability changes.

scholarly journals Similar Characteristics of Internal Software Quality Attributes for Object-Oriented Open-Source Software Projects

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Santos ◽  
Rodrigo Amador ◽  
Paulo Henrique De Souza Bermejo ◽  
Heitor Costa
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Software Quality ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Systems Quality

Organizations are becoming increasingly concerned about software quality. In object-oriented (OO) systems, quality is characterized by measurements of internal quality attributes. An efficient and proper method to analyze software quality in the absence of fault-prone or defective data labels is cluster analysis. The aim of this paper is to find similarities among project structures by measuring characteristics of internal software quality. In a sample of 150 open-source software systems, we evaluated software using macro and micro categories. Results obtained using cluster analysis indicated that some domains such as Graphics, Games, and Development tend to have similarities in specialization, abstraction, stability, and complexity. These results exploit the ability of OO software metrics to find similar behavior across domains. The results provide an immediate view of the trends and characteristics of internal software quality of Java systems that need to be addressed so that software systems can continue to be maintainable.

scholarly journals Characterizing Software Stability via Change Propagation Simulation

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifeng Pan ◽  
Haibo Jiang ◽  
Hua Ming ◽  
Chunlai Chai ◽  
Bi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Software Quality ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Change Propagation ◽  
Propagation Process ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Theoretical Results

Software stability means the resistance to the amplification of changes in software. It has become one of the most important attributes that affect maintenance cost. To control the maintenance cost, many approaches have been proposed to measure software stability. However, it is still a very difficult task to evaluate the software stability especially when software becomes very large and complex. In this paper, we propose to characterize software stability via change propagation simulation. First, we propose a class coupling network (CCN) to model software structure at the class level. Then, we analyze the change propagation process in the CCN by using a simulation way, and by doing so, we develop a novel metric, SS (software stability), to measure software stability. Our SS metric is validated theoretically using the widely accepted Weyuker’s properties and empirically using a set of open source Java software systems. The theoretical results show that our SS metric satisfies most of Weyuker’s properties with only two exceptions, and the empirical results show that our metric is an effective indicator for software quality improvement and class importance. Empirical results also show that our approach has the ability to be applied to large software systems.

scholarly journals A study of quality prediction for large-scale open source software projects

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Shinji Akatsu ◽  
Ayako Masuda ◽  
Tsuyoshi Shida ◽  
Kazuhiko Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Quality Prediction ◽  
Software Projects ◽  
Resolution Rate ◽  
The Status

Open source software (OSS) has seen remarkable progress in recent years. Moreover, OSS usage in corporate information systems has been increasing steadily; consequently, the overall impact of OSS on the society is increasing as well. While product quality of enterprise software is assured by the provider, the deliverables of an OSS are developed by the OSS developer community; therefore, their quality is not guaranteed. Thus, the objective of this study is to build an artificial-intelligence-based quality prediction model that corporate businesses could use for decision-making to determine whether a desired OSS should be adopted. We define the quality of an OSS as “the resolution rate of issues processed by OSS developers as well as the promptness and continuity of doing so.” We selected 44 large-scale OSS projects from GitHub for our quality analysis. First, we investigated the monthly changes in the status of issue creation and resolution for each project. It was found that there are three different patterns in the increase of issue creation, and three patterns in the relationship between the increase in issue creation and that of resolution. It was confirmed that there are multiple cases of each pattern that affect the final resolution rate. Next, we investigated the correlation between the final resolution rate and that for a relevant number of months after issue creation. We deduced that the correlation coefficient even between the resolution rate in the first month and the final rate exceeded 0.5. Based on these analysis results, we conclude that the issue resolution rate in the first month once an issue is created is applicable as knowledge for knowledge-based AI systems that can be used to assist in decision-making regarding OSS adoption in business projects.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Study for the Characterization of Internal Quality of Open-Source Object-Oriented Software

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana De Azevedo Santos ◽  
Paulo Henrique De Souza Bermejo ◽  
Heitor Costa
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Software Quality ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Development Lifecycle ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Software Development Lifecycle ◽  
Software Quality Models

Although it is necessary, activities regarding quality assurance and maintenance of software are considered the longest and most complex in software development lifecycle. Taking advantage of this growing trend and of the benefits obtained from open-source initiative, researches on open-source software quality and maintainability have gained renewed interest. The use of robust statistical techniques, such as PLS-SEM to investigate and empirically validate software quality models has also been an efficient alternative to obtain information on open-source software quality. The aim of this study was evaluate and build a conceptual model to characterize the internal quality in Java open-source software in different domains, validated with the PLS-SEM technique. The study results indicate that there are domains with similarities among them and four factors can influence the internal quality of object-oriented software to present better maintainability (Complexity Reduce, Normalized Cohesion, Non-normalized Cohesion, and Increase of the Modularity Level). Besides, we identified some measures are more effective to evaluate internal quality in object-oriented open-source, such as, Fan-out (FOUT), Lack of Cohesion of Methods 2 (LCOM2), Response for Class (RFC), Tight Class Cohesion (TCC), and Loose Class Cohesion (LCC). Thus, this study aims at supporting software engineers and project managers to develop measurement strategies to ensure internal quality of source code and reduce maintenance costs.

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