scholarly journals Current Status for Gastrointestinal Nematode Diagnosis in Small Ruminants: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Jane Margaret Preston ◽  
Mark Sandeman ◽  
Jorge Gonzalez ◽  
David Piedrafita
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Selection Of

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites pose a significant economic burden particularly in small ruminant production systems. Anthelmintic resistance is a serious concern to the effective control of GIN parasites and has fuelled the focus to design and promote sustainable control of practices of parasite control. Many facets of sustainable GIN parasite control programs rely on the ability to diagnose infection both qualitatively and quantitatively. Diagnostics are required to determine anthelmintic efficacies, for targeted treatment programs and selection of animals for parasite resistant breeding. This review describes much of the research investigated to date to improve the current diagnostic for the above practices which is based on counting the number of parasite eggs in faeces.

Parasite control in pasture-grazed dairy cattle: are we at the edge of a precipice?

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 916 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Sutherland ◽  
S. L. Bullen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
The Face

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites are one of the most production-limiting infections of pasture-based dairy cattle in Australasia. Intensification of dairy production systems in both countries has meant that farmers have come to rely heavily on anthelmintic drenches to control GIN parasitism. However, anthelmintic resistance is now widespread in New Zealand, particularly to the market-leading macrocyclic-lactones. Less work has been conducted on anthelmintic resistance in Australia but preliminary results of a study currently underway suggests that there are high levels of resistance on Victorian dairy farms. The identification and mitigation of risk factors for the development of resistance is crucial for long-term sustainability of control. These include the use of drenches with variable efficacy – particularly pour-on and injectable formulations. New Zealand studies suggest that this may be as a result of active not reaching parasites within the gut lumen as effectively as oral formulations. Also, the raising of young stock as monocultures is a risk factor for the development of resistance as it significantly reduces the numbers of unselected (and presumably susceptible) parasites on pasture. These risks can be mitigated: using effective drenches removes more resistant parasites. This often means the use of combination products containing more than one anthelmintic class. Combination products are more effective in the face of existing resistance, and can slow the development of resistance. Also, ensuring an adequate level of unselected parasites on pasture for ingestion by young stock will delay the development of resistance. While there are differences between dairying systems, both countries are likely to benefit from more active and collaborative research efforts to improving parasite control practices on dairy farms in their respective countries.

Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Joan M Burke ◽  
James E Miller
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp., whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal cattle nematodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. De Graef ◽  
E. Claerebout ◽  
P. Geldhof
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Sensitive Detection ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Sensitive Detection Technique

Anthelmintic resistance of parasites in small ruminants, cattle and horses is increasing worldwide as a consequence of the over usage of the currently available products. In Belgium, Cooperia oncophora is the most common cattle nematode in which resistance, especially against macrocyclic lactones, occurs. Once resistance has been diagnosed, a change to another drug with a different mode of action is advised. However, effective anthelmintics will be hardly available in the near future. Therefore, it is important that farmers and veterinarians find a balance between achieving good parasite control and the sustainability of their control strategies. In this way, anthelmintic resistance may be delayed, and the effectiveness of anthelmintic drugs may be prolonged. This requires sensitive detection tools. With a sensitive detection technique, anthelmintic resistance can be diagnosed in a very early stage. Hence, the spread of resistance alleles in the parasite population may be prevented. In this review, different diagnostic assays for the detection of anthelmintic resistance are discussed, an overview is given of the current status of anthelmintic resistance in Belgian cattle, and measures are suggested to avoid or delay the development of anthelmintic resistance.

scholarly journals PSII-37 Determining the possible anthelmintic properties of allicin and pumpkin seed oil for mitigation of anthelmintic resistance found in gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 217-218
Author(s):  
Collin Hayes ◽  
Elizabeth Benavides ◽  
Malorie Diamond ◽  
Trixie L Wetmore ◽  
Ken Mix
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ovicidal Activity ◽  
Pumpkin Seed ◽  
Pumpkin Seed Oil

Abstract Anthelmintics are a widely utilized treatment option for gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants. Recently, these parasites have exhibited increasing resistance towards these drugs. Haemonchus controtus, a gastrointestinal nematode commonly found in small ruminants, has developed resistance towards multiple classes of anthelmintics, leading to huge economic losses worldwide. There are few novel drugs currently being developed, but certain plant-derived products have demonstrated anthelmintic properties when administered in various forms to ruminants. By utilizing these plant products, producers have the opportunity to decrease the rate of development of anthelmintic resistance, and prevent eggs from hatching when excreted by infected livestock. Therefore, it is hypothesized that specific plant-derived products will act as ovicidal agents in H. contortus eggs. The objective of this study was to determine the ovicidal activity of allicin (from Allium sativum) and pumpkin seed oil (PSO). H. contortus eggs were extracted from a pooled fecal sample of Boer and Spanish goats naturally infected with H. contortus. The eggs were then exposed to allicin or PSO at different concentrations. Experiments were replicated four times per concentration. To determine ovicidal activity, samples were observed for unhatched eggs and hatched worms for 24 hours. The 1:100 allicin dilution treatment tended (P = 0.053) to inhibit hatching more than the control. Furthermore, any worms that hatched in allicin treatments exhibited limited signs of motility. Pumpkin seed oil does not appear to possess the same ovicidal potency as allicin, but may still have potential as a larvicidal agent. Based on the current results, allicin is a potential ovicidal agent that may be used independently or incorporated with current treatment methods for H. contortus control.

Can plant secondary metabolites have a role in controlling gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in small ruminants?

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 197-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Athanasiadou ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
F. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Nematode Parasitism

SummaryPlant secondary metabolites (PSM) are widely known for their antinutritional properties; their excessive consumption can detrimentally affect herbivore health and, in some cases, survival. However, a growing body of evidence is suggesting that some classes of PSM may also have some positive effects on herbivores. Such positive effects include the antiparasitic properties of certain PSM and their beneficial consequences on the herbivore's fitness. One of the better-exploited classes of PSM that have been reported with anthelmintic properties is that of the condensed tannins. The consumption of moderate concentrations of condensed tannins has resulted in reduced level of parasitism in sheep and other ruminants. In this paper we discuss the conditions that should be met in order for the positive anthelmintic properties of PSM, and condensed tannins in particular, to be beneficial for parasitised sheep. We also examine whether PSM could have a role in controlling parasitism in ruminants and point out the future research needed to achieve an efficient use of PSM for parasite control.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles as Alternatives for the Control of Haemonchus contortus: A Systematic Approach to Unveil New Anti-haemonchiasis Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehman Ali ◽  
Nisar Ahmad ◽  
Sakina Mussarat ◽  
Abdul Majid ◽  
Sultan F. Alnomasy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cymbopogon Citratus ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Nano Emulsion

Haemonchus contortus is an infectious gastrointestinal nematode parasite of small ruminants. This study addresses the in vitro/in vivo anti-haemonchiasis potential, toxicological effects, and mechanism of action of nanoparticles. Online databases were used to search and retrieve the published literature (2000 to 2021). A total of 18 articles were selected and reviewed, out of which, 13 (72.2%) studies reported in vitro, 9 (50.0%) in vivo, and 4 (22.2%) both in vitro/in vivo efficacy of different nanoparticles. Mostly, organic nanoparticles (77.7%) were used including polymeric (85.7%) and lipid nanoparticles (14.3%). The highest efficacy, in vitro, of 100% resulted from using encapsulated bromelain against eggs, larvae, and adult worm mortality at 4, 2, and 1 mg/ml, respectively. While in vivo, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil reduced worm burden by 83.75% and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion by 83.1%. Encapsulated bromelain, encapsulated Eucalyptus staigeriana oil, and encapsulated Cymbopogon citratus nano-emulsion were safe and non-toxic in vivo. Encapsulated bromelain damaged the cuticle, caused paralysis, and death. Nanoparticles could be a potential source for developing novel anthelmintic drugs to overcome the emerging issue of anthelmintic resistance in H. contortus. Studies on molecular effects, toxicological consequences, and different pharmacological targets of nanoparticles are required in future research.

scholarly journals Comparison of two methods for the quantification of gastrointestinal nematode infective larvae from pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 712
Author(s):  
Marina Piza ◽  
Fabiana Alves de Almeida ◽  
Cristiano Magalhães Pariz ◽  
Ciniro Costa ◽  
Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Pasture Contamination ◽  
Livestock Systems ◽  
Collection Methods

The economic losses caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the biggest obstacles in the small ruminants production. Understanding the population dynamics of the infective larvae (L3) in the pasture is the key point to develop control programs, and reliable results depend on the used methodology to quantify L3 numbers. The use of the sampling directly from the pasture appears as a viable option, since it is not required the use of animals with an esophageal fistula or tracer animals, decreasing the costs involved in the study. Therefore, the present project, which had as objective evaluate the efficiency of two collection methods for quantification of L3 in the pasture, utilized 64 lambs (n = 16) allocated to four integrated crop-livestock systems (treatments) with 12 paddocks each. Pasture samples were collected every nine days. The W method consists in traversing the area in the form of a W and again an inverted W, forage samples being collected every 10 steps, and the Square method, in tossing a 0.16 m2 square to four random points within the area, the forage within the square being collected after each toss. After the forage samples had been processed, the L3 were recovered and identified. Cohen’s Kappa coefficient (k) was determined. The W-transect and Random-plot methods did not differ (p ? 0.05) with respect to the number of L3 recovered from the pasture, and a positive correlation was found between them, suggesting agreement with one another, being that when the number of L3 recovered by the W-transect method increases, the same occurs in the Random-plot technique. The Random-plot method, which is already used to collect samples of forage for chemical analyses, can also be employed to estimate the pasture contamination by L3. The W-transect and Random-plot methods showed to be important in the epidemiological study of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Therefore, the use of both on the same occasions and with different purposes, with one complementing the information that is not provided by the other, may be more effective in the investigation of environmental contamination by L3 of gastrointestinal nematodes.

scholarly journals Fowl adenovirus infections in Belgian broilers: a ten-year survey

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. De Herdt ◽  
T. Timmerman ◽  
P. Defoort ◽  
K. Lycke ◽  
R. Jaspers
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Sensitive Detection ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Sensitive Detection Technique

Anthelmintic resistance of parasites in small ruminants, cattle and horses is increasing worldwide as a consequence of the over usage of the currently available products. In Belgium, Cooperia oncophora is the most common cattle nematode in which resistance, especially against macrocyclic lactones, occurs. Once resistance has been diagnosed, a change to another drug with a different mode of action is advised. However, effective anthelmintics will be hardly available in the near future. Therefore, it is important that farmers and veterinarians find a balance between achieving good parasite control and the sustainability of their control strategies. In this way, anthelmintic resistance may be delayed, and the effectiveness of anthelmintic drugs may be prolonged. This requires sensitive detection tools. With a sensitive detection technique, anthelmintic resistance can be diagnosed in a very early stage. Hence, the spread of resistance alleles in the parasite population may be prevented. In this review, different diagnostic assays for the detection of anthelmintic resistance are discussed, an overview is given of the current status of anthelmintic resistance in Belgian cattle, and measures are suggested to avoid or delay the development of anthelmintic resistance.

scholarly journals Why is it important to correctly identify Haemonchus species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Haemonchus Placei

Parasitic gastroenteritis caused by Haemonchus spp. is a major cause of economic losses in the livestock industry because it impairs weight gain and increases mortality in cattle and small ruminants, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The proper identification of the various species, as well as knowledge regarding the epidemiology of parasitic gastroenteritis, is essential for the establishment of sustainable strategies of parasite control. This review focuses on the use of easily applied, low-cost parasitological methods of identifying Haemonchus species on the basis of their morphology. In most studies carried out in Brazil, the distinctions between Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei have not been considered. Many reports of H. contortus, particularly in cattle, might actually represent H. placei. The appropriate identification of species is therefore indispensable. In addition to the measurement of male spicules, new morphological characteristics, such as the synlophe, should be evaluated in order to differentiate between and among species. Measurements of infective larvae in fecal cultures can also indicate the identity of Haemonchus species. This approach can be quite useful in studies that do not involve animal sacrifice, such as studies of anthelmintic resistance based on the fecal egg count reduction test.

scholarly journals Detection of Gastrointestinal Nematode Populations Resistant to Albendazole and Ivermectin in Sheep

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Mondragón-Ancelmo ◽  
Agustín Olmedo-Juárez ◽  
David Emanuel Reyes-Guerrero ◽  
Gabriel Ramírez-Vargas ◽  
Amairany Emithziry Ariza-Román ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Group I ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Group A

Gastrointestinal parasite infections represent a major welfare problem in small ruminants reared in extensive systems, which may be exacerbated by anthelmintic resistance. Therefore, we aimed to study the efficacy of albendazole and ivermectin in sheep. Eighty-six animals were selected from commercial farms in the temperate area of the State of Mexico at the age of seven months. These animals were randomly distributed into three groups: Group A, treated with albendazole, Group I, treated with ivermectin and Group C, left untreated. Faecal samples were collected before the anthelmintic was administered and 15 days post-treatment. Both Group A and Group I displayed a significant decrease of faecal egg counts when pre- and post-treatment values were compared (p = 0.003 and p = 0.049, respectively), and a significantly lower faecal egg count when compared with Group C after the treatment (p < 0.05). However, the faecal egg count reduction test showed that gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) developed anthelmintic resistance to both albendazole and ivermectin. The results of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allowed the identification of Cooperia spp., and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. The allele-specific PCR results confirmed that T. colubriformis was resistant to albendazole. In conclusion, this study showed the presence of resistant GIN to albendazole and ivermectin in sheep reared in Mexican temperate zones. Therefore, nematode infections should be systematically monitored in order to implement integrated management strategies to prevent the spread of anthelmintic resistance.

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