scholarly journals Paternity Analysis of the Olive Variety “Istrska Belica” and Identification of Pollen Donors by Microsatellite Markers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alenka Baruca Arbeiter ◽  
Jernej Jakše ◽  
Dunja Bandelj
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Paternity Analysis ◽  
Foreign Pollen ◽  
Olive Variety ◽  
Pollen Donor ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
New Guidelines

The leading olive variety in Slovenia is “Istrska belica” (Olea europaeaL.), which currently represents 70% of all olive trees in productive orchards. Paternity analysis based on microsatellite markers was used for genotyping and identification of the potential pollen donors of “Istrska belica” and for assessing the proportion of self-fertilization in monovarietal olive orchards in the Slovene Istria. Seven microsatellite loci were used for genotyping thirty-one olive embryos from “Istrska belica” trees and for all potential pollen donor varieties, which are grown in the region and could participate as pollinators. Genotyping results and allele identification were performed using the FaMoz software. The most probable pollen donor was assigned to 39% of all analyzed embryos. Among all analyzed embryos no single case of self-fertilization was confirmed. According to the present results, the variety “Istrska belica” was in all cases fertilized by foreign pollen. The results will contribute to defining the new guidelines for farmers regarding the proper management and growing practice in monovarietal olive groves.

scholarly journals Seed Paternity Analysis Using SSR Markers to Assess Successful Pollen Donors in Mixed Olive Orchards

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2356
Author(s):  
Gabriela Vuletin Selak ◽  
Alenka Baruca Arbeiter ◽  
Julián Cuevas ◽  
Slavko Perica ◽  
Petar Pujic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Paternity Analysis ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Pollen Donor ◽  
Cross Compatibility ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Simple Sequence

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a wind-pollinated crop that exhibits an extreme alternate bearing habit. To improve fruit set, several methods have been used to determine the most successful compatible combinations of cultivars. In this study, priority is given to seed paternity analysis based on simple sequence repeats (SSRs), microsatellite markers used for the identification of potential pollen donors of cultivar ‘Oblica’ in a mixed olive orchard during two consecutive years. Seven microsatellite primers were successfully used to examine the paternity of olive embryos from ‘Oblica’ mother trees. Embryos were considered as a product of self-fertilization if only maternal alleles were present, but not a single case of self-fertilization was found among all the embryos analyzed. Two dominant pollen donors were not the closest nor the cultivars with the highest number of trees in the orchard, suggesting that cross-compatibility may have a key role in determining pollen donor success. In our earlier studies, pollen tube growth and fertilization success correlated with fruit set when controlled crosses between cultivars were performed; however, some discrepancy might appear compared to paternity analyses when mother trees have a free choice among different pollen sources from cultivars growing in their surroundings.

scholarly journals Semi-Automatic Method for Early Detection of Xylella fastidiosa in Olive Trees Using UAV Multispectral Imagery and Geostatistical-Discriminant Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Annamaria Castrignanò ◽  
Antonella Belmonte ◽  
Ilaria Antelmi ◽  
Ruggiero Quarto ◽  
Francesco Quarto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Parametric Classification ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Olive Trees

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) is one of the most dangerous plant pathogens in the world. Identified in 2013 in olive trees in south–eastern Italy, it is spreading to the Mediterranean countries. The bacterium is transmitted by insects that feed on sap, and causes rapid wilting in olive trees. The paper explores the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in combination with a multispectral radiometer for early detection of infection. The study was carried out in three olive groves in the Apulia region (Italy) and involved four drone flights from 2017 to 2019. To classify Xfp severity level in olive trees at an early stage, a combined method of geostatistics and discriminant analysis was implemented. The results of cross-validation for the non-parametric classification method were of overall accuracy = 0.69, mean error rate = 0.31, and for the early detection class of accuracy 0.77 and misclassification probability 0.23. The results are promising and encourage the application of UAV technology for the early detection of Xfp infection.

scholarly journals Further In Vitro Assessment and Mid-Term Evaluation of Control Strategy of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca in Olive Groves of Salento (Apulia, Italy)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Tatulli ◽  
Vanessa Modesti ◽  
Nicoletta Pucci ◽  
Valeria Scala ◽  
Alessia L’Aurora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Bacterial Concentration ◽  
Infected Area ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
In Vitro Assessment ◽  
Olive Trees

During recent years; Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) has spread in Salento causing relevant damage to the olive groves. Measures to contain the spreading of the pathogen include the monitoring of the areas bordering the so-called “infected” zone and the tree eradication in case of positive detection. In order to provide a control strategy aimed to maintain the tree productivity in the infected areas, we further evaluated the in vitro and in planta mid-term effectiveness of a zinc-copper-citric acid biocomplex. The compound showed an in vitro bactericidal activity and inhibited the biofilm formation in representative strains of X. fastidiosa subspecies, including Xfp isolated in Apulia from olive trees. The field mid-term evaluation of the control strategy assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in 41 trees of two olive groves of the “infected” area revealed a low concentration of Xfp over the seasons upon the regular spraying of the biocomplex over 3 or 4 consecutive years. In particular, the bacterial concentration lowered in July and October with respect to March, after six consecutive treatments. The trend was not affected by the cultivar and it was similar either in the Xfp-sensitive cultivars Ogliarola salentina and Cellina di Nardò or in the Xfp-resistant Leccino. Moreover, the scoring of the number of wilted twigs over the seasons confirmed the trend. The efficacy of the treatment in the management of olive groves subjected to a high pathogen pressure is highlighted by the yielded a good oil production

scholarly journals Neofusicoccum mediterraneum Is Involved in a Twig and Branch Dieback of Olive Trees Observed in Salento (Apulia, Italy)

Pathogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Angela Brunetti ◽  
Antonio Matere ◽  
Valentina Lumia ◽  
Vittorio Pasciuta ◽  
Valeria Fusco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Wood Discoloration ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Olive Quick Decline Syndrome ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Branch Dieback

Olive trees are infected and damaged by Botryosphaeriaceae fungi in various countries. The botryosphaeriaceous fungus Neofusicoccum mediterraneum is highly aggressive and is a major concern for olive groves in Spain and California (USA), where it causes ‘branch and twig dieback’ characterized by wood discoloration, bark canker, and canopy blight. During surveys of olive groves in Apulia (southern Italy), we noticed that—in some areas—trees were heavily affected by severe branch and twig dieback. In addition, chlorosis and the appearance of red-bronze patches on the leaf preceded the wilting of the foliage, with necrotic leaves persisting on the twigs. Given the severity of the manifestation in zones also subject to olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) caused by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, we investigated the etiology and provide indications for differentiating the symptoms from OQDS. Isolation from diseased wood samples revealed a mycete, which was morphologically and molecularly identified as N. mediterraneum. The pathogenicity tests clearly showed that this fungus is able to cause the natural symptoms. Therefore, also considering the low number of tested samples, N. mediterraneum is a potential causal agent of the observed disease. Specifically, inoculation of the twigs caused complete wilting in two to three weeks, while inoculation at the base of the stem caused severe girdling wedge-shaped cankers. The growth rate of the fungus in in vitro tests was progressively higher from 10 to 30 °C, failing to grow at higher temperatures, but keeping its viability even after prolonged exposure at 50 °C. The capacity of the isolate to produce catenulate chlamydospores, which is novel for the species, highlights the possibility of a new morphological strain within N. mediterraneum. Further investigations are ongoing to verify whether additional fungal species are involved in this symptomatology.

scholarly journals Identifying Pollen Donors and Success Rate of Individual Pollinizers in European Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Using Microsatellite Markers

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Meland ◽  
Frøynes ◽  
Fotiric Akšić ◽  
Pojskić ◽  
Kalamujić Stroil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Self Pollination ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Simple Sequence

European plum cultivars (Prunus domestica L.) are hexaploid and partially self-fertile or self-sterile requiring compatible pollinizers with overlapping bloom times. Therefore, inter-planting of different pollinizer cultivars is recommended. In order to identify successful pollinizers of the plum cultivars ‘Edda’, ‘Opal’ (self-fertile), ‘Jubileum’, ‘Reeves’, ‘Mallard’, ‘Avalon’, ‘Cacanska Lepotica’ (self-fertile), and ‘Valor’, 60 fruits per cultivar were collected from nine orchards in 2017 and 2018, all of which were located in Ullensvang, western Norway. DNA extraction was subsequently conducted from the obtained embryos, followed by genetic characterization using seven microsatellite markers. Tissue samples from all possible pollinizers were collected during the summer of 2017 and the same DNA approach was conducted. Results showed that ‘Opal’ was the most successful pollinizer among the investigated plum cultivars. The main exception was ‘Cacanska Lepotica’, which consistently displayed very high level of self-pollination. The most successful foreign pollinizer of ‘Opal’ was ‘Mallard’. However, in more than two thirds of embryos extracted from ‘Opal’ fruits self-fertilization was determined. ‘Reeves’ was identified as the most successful pollinizer among embryos collected from ‘Valor’. Among the five cultivars (‘Edda’, ‘Jubileum’, ‘Reeves’, ‘Mallard’, and ‘Avalon’) that did not display self-pollination, the pollinizer success rate of ‘Opal’, ranged from 36.5% (‘Mallard’) to 93.5% (‘Edda’) in 2017, while in 2018 this rate ranged from 43.5% (‘Jubileum’ and ‘Reeves’) up to 96.5% (‘Edda’). Overall, genotyping embryos using SSRs (simple sequence repeats) proved an effective method in determining the success rate of individual pollinizers among European plum cultivars.

scholarly journals Hyperspectral Reflectance as a Basis to Discriminate Olive Varieties—A Tool for Sustainable Crop Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 3059
Author(s):  
Luis Gomes ◽  
Tânia Nobre ◽  
Adélia Sousa ◽  
Fernando Rei ◽  
Nuno Guiomar
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Variety Identification ◽  
Olive Variety ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Olive Varieties

Worldwide sustainable development is threatened by current agricultural land change trends, particularly by the increasing rural farmland abandonment and agricultural intensification phenomena. In Mediterranean countries, these processes are affecting especially traditional olive groves with enormous socio-economic costs to rural areas, endangering environmental sustainability and biodiversity. Traditional olive groves abandonment and intensification are clearly related to the reduction of olive oil production income, leading to reduced economic viability. Most promising strategies to boost traditional groves competitiveness—such as olive oil differentiation through adoption of protected denomination of origin labels and development of value-added olive products—rely on knowledge of the olive varieties and its specific properties that confer their uniqueness and authenticity. Given the lack of information about olive varieties on traditional groves, a feasible and inexpensive method of variety identification is required. We analyzed leaf spectral information of ten Portuguese olive varieties with a powerful data-mining approach in order to verify the ability of satellite’s hyperspectral sensors to provide an accurate olive variety identification. Our results show that these olive varieties are distinguishable by leaf reflectance information and suggest that even satellite open-source data could be used to map them. Additional advantages of olive varieties mapping were further discussed.

scholarly journals Estimating Productivity, Detecting Biotic Disturbances and Assessing the Health State of Traditional Olive Groves, Using Nondestructive Phenotypic Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Yiannis G. Zevgolis ◽  
Efstratios Kamatsos ◽  
Triantaphyllos Akriotis ◽  
Panayiotis G. Dimitrakopoulos ◽  
Andreas Y. Troumbis
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Olive Tree ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Health State ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Health States ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Olive Trees

Conservation of traditional olive groves through effective monitoring of their health state is crucial both at a tree and at a population level. In this study, we introduce a comprehensive methodological framework for estimating the traditional olive grove health state, by considering the fundamental phenotypic, spectral, and thermal traits of the olive trees. We obtained phenotypic information from olive trees on the Greek island of Lesvos by combining this with in situ measurement of spectral reflectance and thermal indices to investigate the effect of the olive tree traits on productivity, the presence of the olive leaf spot disease (OLS), and olive tree classification based on their health state. In this context, we identified a suite of important features, derived from linear and logistic regression models, which can explain productivity and accurately evaluate infected and noninfected trees. The results indicated that either specific traits or combinations of them are statistically significant predictors of productivity, while the occurrence of OLS symptoms can be identified by both the olives’ vitality traits and by the thermal variables. Finally, the classification of olive trees into different health states possibly offers significant information to explain traditional olive grove dynamics for their sustainable management.

scholarly journals Spittlebugs of Mediterranean Olive Groves: Host-Plant Exploitation throughout the Year

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Bodino ◽  
Vincenzo Cavalieri ◽  
Crescenza Dongiovanni ◽  
Matteo Alessandro Saladini ◽  
Anna Simonetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Philaenus Spumarius ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Plant Exploitation ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Olive Trees ◽  
Production Areas

Spittlebugs are the vectors of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells in Europe, the causal agent of olive dieback epidemic in Apulia, Italy. Selection and distribution of different spittlebug species on host-plants were investigated during field surveys in 2016–2018 in four olive orchards of Apulia and Liguria Regions of Italy. The nymphal population in the herbaceous cover was estimated using quadrat samplings. Adults were collected by sweeping net on three different vegetational components: herbaceous cover, olive canopy, and wild woody plants. Three species of spittlebugs were collected: Philaenus spumarius L., Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén), and Aphrophora alni (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). Philaenus spumarius was the predominant species both in Apulia and Liguria olive groves. Nymphal stages are highly polyphagous, selecting preferentially Asteraceae Fabaceae plant families, in particular some genera, e.g., Picris, Crepis, Sonchus, Bellis, Cichorium, and Medicago. Host-plant preference of nymphs varies according to the Region and through time and nymphal instar. In the monitored sites, adults peak on olive trees earlier in Apulia (i.e., during inflorescence emergence) than in Liguria (i.e., during flowering and beginning of fruit development). Principal alternative woody hosts are Quercus spp. and Pistacia spp. Knowledge concerning plant selection and ecological traits of spittlebugs in different Mediterranean olive production areas is needed to design effective and precise control strategies against X. fastidiosa vectors in olive groves, such as ground cover modifications to reduce populations of spittlebug vectors.

Influence of weed cover on leaf-level CO2 and H2O fluxes in an olive grove

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Aranda-Barranco ◽  
Andrew S Kowalski ◽  
Penélope Serrano-Ortiz ◽  
Enrique P Sánchez-Cañete
Keyword(s):  
Random Trees ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Olive Trees

<p>The management of olive groves has a direct impact on the environment in the Mediterranean region since it is one of the most representative crops in this area. In order to prevent erosion and improve the physical-chemical conditions of the soil in these crops, the maintenance of weed cover in the alleys is an increasingly common practice. It increases the organic carbon content in the soil, improves biodiversity indices and enhances various ecosystem services such as pollination and infiltration. Now, the role of vegetation cover in olive groves on biogeochemical cycles is being studied. Although previous studies have quantified the combined effect of weed cover and olive trees on carbon and water at ecosystem level, the role of this conservation practice at the leaf level has not yet been explored.</p><p>The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of weed cover on the net CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation (A<sub>n</sub>) and transpiration (T) rates in an irrigated olive grove. To do this, two plots of olive trees with irrigation (Olea europea L. "Arbequina") in southeast Spain were sampled. In the weed-cover one (WC), spontaneous vegetation is maintained until it is mechanically mowed and left in place. In the weed-free (WF) a glyphosate-based herbicide is applied. The data were taken with a portable gas analyzer (LI-6800, Li-Cor) controlling the following environmental variables on olive leaves: atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, relative humidity, photosynthetic active radiation and temperature. One campaign per month was carried out (from January-2018 to January-2019) where 10 random trees were analysed in each treatment. In addition, an eddy covariance tower provided CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes at ecosystem level and they were compared with the fluxes obtained from leaf-level campaigns.</p><p>The results shown significant differences for T only in the period after mowing with T<sub>wc</sub>= 2.0 ± 0.7 mmol H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> vs T<sub>wf </sub>= 2.5 ± 1.0 mmol H<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. However, in this period ET is equal in both treatments, which suggests that the alleys with mowed weed has more ET than bare soil in the other treatment. On the other hand, there are significant differences for A<sub>net</sub> only in the period before mowing with A<sub>net-wc</sub> = 5.5 ± 3.1 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> vs A<sub>net-wf</sub> = 8.0 ± 3.6 μmol CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>. When the weeds are mowed, A<sub>net</sub> is matched in both treatments. However, higher values of NEE<sub>wc</sub> than NEE<sub>wf  </sub>are observed in the period before mowing. This suggest that the weed-cover olive groves at ecosystem level take up more carbon when the weed-cover is established although the leaves of olive trees are capturing less CO<sub>2</sub>.</p>

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