scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Distribution of Human Norovirus in China (1999–2011)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongxin Yu ◽  
Shuling Yan ◽  
Bailin Li ◽  
Yingjie Pan ◽  
Yongjie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Sporadic Acute Gastroenteritis

Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. However, the genetic diversity and geographical distribution of NoV isolates from China have not been well described thus far. In this study, all NoV sequences obtained in China from 1999 to 2011 (n=983), both partial and complete genomes, were downloaded from GenBank. Genotyping and phylogenetic and recombination analyses were performed in order to gain a better understanding of the distribution and genetic diversity of NoVs in China. The results indicated that approximately 90% of NoV sequences were obtained from the coastal regions of China, and most of the NoV sequences from distinct geographical regions appeared to be closely related. GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 64.4% of all genotypes, followed by GII.12 (13.9%) and GII.3 (7.0%). Over the last decade, the GII.4 variants were dominated by successive circulation of GII.4/2002, GII.4/2004, GII.4/2006b, and GII.4/2008, with GII.4/2006b continuing to date. A relatively high frequency of NoV intergenotype recombinants was identified. The most common ORF1/ORF2 intergenotype recombinant was GII.12/GII.4 (n=11), and the relative frequency was up to 30% among all the recombinant strains (n=36). These findings may aid in the evaluation and implementation of appropriate measures for monitoring NoV infectious diseases in China.

scholarly journals Nearly Complete Genome Sequences of Human Norovirus Belonging to Several Genotypes from Valencia, Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Santiso-Bellón ◽  
Carolina Monzó ◽  
Azahara Fuentes-Trillo ◽  
Susana Vila-Vicent ◽  
Juliana da Silva Ribeiro de Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
Human Noroviruses ◽  
Complete Genomes

Human noroviruses are responsible for most nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis cases. The GII.2, GII.4, and GII.17 genotypes of human noroviruses have recently arisen as the most frequent genotypes found in humans worldwide. We report here seven nearly complete genomes of these genotypes from patients with acute gastroenteritis in Valencia, Spain.

Prevalence and genetic diversity of human sapovirus associated with sporadic acute gastroenteritis in South China from 2013 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1759-1764
Author(s):  
Liang Xue ◽  
Weicheng Cai ◽  
Le Zhang ◽  
Junshan Gao ◽  
Ruimin Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
South China ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Sporadic Acute Gastroenteritis

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis in Bangladesh, 2014‐2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuvra Kanti Dey ◽  
Nadim Sharif ◽  
Baki Billah ◽  
Tanjir Tarek Ibn Siddique ◽  
Tarequl Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis

scholarly journals Uncertainty Due to Infectious Diseases and Stock–Bond Correlation

Econometrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Gkillas ◽  
Christoforos Konstantatos ◽  
Costas Siriopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Granger Causality ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Non Linear

We study the non-linear causal relation between uncertainty-due-to-infectious-diseases and stock–bond correlation. To this end, we use high-frequency 1-min data to compute daily realized measures of correlation and jumps, and then, we employ a nonlinear Granger causality test with the use of artificial neural networks so as to investigate the predictability of this type of uncertainty on realized stock–bond correlation and jumps. Our findings reveal that uncertainty-due-to-infectious-diseases has significant predictive value on the changes of the stock–bond relation.

Wordform-specific frequency effects cause acoustic variation in zero-inflected homophones

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-739
Author(s):  
Eva Maria Luef ◽  
Jong-Seung Sun
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
Phonetic Reduction ◽  
Acoustic Variation

Abstract The frequency with which a word appears in the lexicon has implications for its pronunciation. Numerous studies have shown that high-frequency lemma are characterized by more phonetic reduction than lower-frequency lemma. These findings have proven to be particularly useful in the study of homophones where frequency-related reduction processes can give insights into lexical access theories. The majority of research on homophones and frequency effects has focused on heterographic and semantically unrelated homophones (e.g., English time – thyme) or investigated zero-derived homophones (e.g., English the cut, noun – to cut, verb). Here, zero inflection in German pluralization (e.g., ein Würfel ‘one die’– zwei Würfel ‘two dice’) was investigated to determine if and how frequency effects impact on the acoustic realization of the homophonous singular-plural word pairs. The findings indicate that the number-specified wordforms show acoustic variation related to wordform frequency and the relative frequency of the singular to plural inflected forms. Results differ for durations of wordforms, stem vowels, and final phonemes. Our findings have implications for lexical access theories and can inform about ‘frequency inheritance’ across the singular and plural homophones of the zero-inflected plurals.

scholarly journals Genomics Analyses of GIV and GVI Noroviruses Reveal the Distinct Clustering of Human and Animal Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Ford-Siltz ◽  
Lisa Mullis ◽  
Yasser Sanad ◽  
Kentaro Tohma ◽  
Cara Lepore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Major Capsid Protein ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Complete Genomes ◽  
Animal Strains ◽  
Canine Norovirus

Noroviruses are highly diverse viruses that are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Although these viruses can infect multiple mammalian species, their potential for zoonosis is not well understood, especially within Genogroup IV (GIV), which contains viruses that infect humans, canines, and felines. The study of GIV viruses has been, in part, hindered by the limited number of complete genomes. Here, we developed a full-genome amplicon-based platform that facilitated the sequencing of canine noroviruses circulating in the United States. Eight novel nearly full-length canine norovirus genomes and two nearly complete VP1 sequences, including four GIV.2, three GVI.1, and three GVI.2 viruses, were successfully obtained. Only animal strains exhibited GVI/GIV chimeric viruses, demonstrating restrictions in norovirus recombination. Using genomic, phylogenetic, and structural analyses, we show that differences within the major capsid protein and the non-structural proteins of GIV and GVI noroviruses could potentially limit cross-species transmission between humans, canines, and felines.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and population structure of rice stripe virus in China

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 1025-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-Yun Wei ◽  
Jin-Guang Yang ◽  
Fu-Long Liao ◽  
Fang-Luan Gao ◽  
Lian-Ming Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Rice Stripe Virus ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Strong Negative Selection ◽  
Recent Outbreak

Rice stripe virus (RSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens of rice and is repeatedly epidemic in China, Japan and Korea. The most recent outbreak of RSV in eastern China in 2000 caused significant losses and raised serious concerns. In this paper, we provide a genotyping profile of RSV field isolates and describe the population structure of RSV in China, based on the nucleotide sequences of isolates collected from different geographical regions during 1997–2004. RSV isolates could be divided into two or three subtypes, depending on which gene was analysed. The genetic distances between subtypes range from 0.050 to 0.067. The population from eastern China is composed only of subtype I/IB isolates. In contrast, the population from Yunnan province (southwest China) is composed mainly of subtype II isolates, but also contains a small proportion of subtype I/IB isolates and subtype IA isolates. However, subpopulations collected from different districts in eastern China or Yunnan province are not genetically differentiated and show frequent gene flow. RSV genes were found to be under strong negative selection. Our data suggest that the most recent outbreak of RSV in eastern China was not due to the invasion of new RSV subtype(s). The evolutionary processes contributing to the observed genetic diversity and population structure are discussed.

scholarly journals Sexual Assault: Social and Stranger Rape

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Edward Renner ◽  
Carol Wackett
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Assault Victims ◽  
To Receive

The Service for Sexual Assault Victims in Halifax reviewed 474 cases of sexual assault handled over a three-year period to determine the nature and relative frequency of social and stranger sexual assault. Women are most likely to be sexually assaulted by a man who is known to and often trusted by them. Women who are raped in a social context are less willing than those raped by a stranger to seek help at the time of the assault, to receive medical attention, or to report the rape to the police. They are also less likely to be threatened with physical harm or to receive physical injury. The cultural values which are responsible for the high frequency of sexual assaults by men who are known to their victims, and for the reluctance of the women to disclose the assault, are discussed.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Avena strigosa Schreb. ecotypes on the basis of isoenzyme markers

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kubiak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Avena Strigosa ◽  
Total Genetic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intrapopulation Diversity ◽  
Very High

Genetic diversity ofAvena strigosaSchreb. ecotypes on the basis of isoenzyme markersGenetic diversity was analyzed in 19 ecotypes of the diploid oatA. strigosaoriginating from various geographical regions of the world. Six isoenzyme systems (AAT, ACP, EST, LAP, MDH, PX) were studied and 16 loci were identified. Only two loci (Est4andMdh2) were polymorphic. Ecotypes were characterized by the percentage of polymorphic loci (P=3.3%), the mean number of alleles per locus (A=1.04) and intrapopulation diversity (HS=0.013). Total genetic diversity (HT=0.07) and interpopulation diversity (DST=0.057) were examined as well. The value of the coefficient of gene differentiation (GST=0.821) indicated that diversity among populations was an important contributor to total variability. Genetic similarity betweenA. strigosapopulations was very high (IN=0.94). Cluster analysis did not demonstrate strongly differentiated groups among the ecotypes examined.

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