scholarly journals Systematic Literature Review of the Epidemiology of Nongenetic Forms of Hypogonadism in Adult Males

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Zarotsky ◽  
Ming-Yi Huang ◽  
Wendy Carman ◽  
Abraham Morgentaler ◽  
Puneet K. Singhal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Male Hypogonadism ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Safety Studies

This study summarizes the literature on the prevalence, incidence, and proportion of patients receiving treatment for male hypogonadism and a systematic literature search was performed for articles published in the last 20 years. Of the 97 studies identified, 96 examined the prevalence, 2 examined the incidence, and 4 examined the proportion of males with hypogonadism patients receiving treatment. Based on studies conducted in Europe and USA, the prevalence of hypogonadism in the general population ranged from 2.1% to 12.8% of middle-aged to older men, with an estimated incidence of 12 new cases per 1,000 person-years. Prevalence was higher among patients with comorbid conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Approximately 10–12% of men with hypogonadism were receiving testosterone treatment. This literature review suggests that there is potentially a significant burden of hypogonadism in the general population. Burden seems to increase with age and in the presence of certain disease conditions. Data suggests that many hypogonadal men who may benefit from testosterone replacement are not receiving treatment. This may be the result of underdiagnosis of the disease, lack of awareness by patients or physicians, irregularities surrounding the diagnostic criteria, and deficiency of long-term safety studies.

Diabetes and its complications: Therapies Available, Anticipated and Aspired

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Grover ◽  
Komal Sharma ◽  
Suresh Gautam ◽  
Srishti Gautam ◽  
Monica Gulati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Metabolic Surgery ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Difficult Condition

: Diabetes Mellitus is characterized as a set of metabolic disorders that have hyperglycemia in common, caused by defects in the action and / or in the secretion of insulin. It is a noncommunicable disease, considered one of the main public health problems and of widespread growth in the world, a difficult condition to treat and expensive to manage. Metabolic surgery is a safe treatment, regulated by the Federal Council of Medicine and indicated for the treatment of people with a Body Mass Index above 30, who are not successful in controlling pathologies associated with obesity, especially type 2 diabetes. The general objective of this study is to understand through a literature review the main impacts of metabolic surgery on the remission of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The present study is an exploratory and descriptive study carried out through a literature review. Data were collected through searches in virtual health databases, at the Virtual Health Library - VHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information System, LILACS, National Library of Medicine - MEDLINE, Scielo, database USP, PUBMED theses and books. Metabolic surgery proves to be an effective treatment to achieve not only sustained weight loss, but also a significant metabolic improvement that goes beyond mere weight loss. Metabolic surgery provides a more effective way to achieve long-term weight loss in obese individuals, increasing overall survival in this group of patients. Obese DM2 patients have a good chance of achieving long-term remission of DM2 after bariatric / metabolic surgery. Therefore, it concludes that such procedure is effective in the treatment of the disease and other diseases associated with obesity.

scholarly journals Stroke Risk among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Zhejiang: A Population-Based Prospective Study in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Guo ◽  
Min Yu ◽  
Jieming Zhong ◽  
Haibin Wu ◽  
Jin Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
General Population ◽  
Stroke Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stroke Subtypes ◽  
The Relationship

Objective. This study aimed to explore the incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on the long-term surveillance data in Zhejiang, China, during 2007 to 2013.Materials and Methods. During January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2013, a total of 327,268 T2DM and 307,984 stroke patients were registered on Diabetes and Stroke Surveillance System, respectively. Stroke subtypes were classified according to standard definitions of subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, and ischemic stroke. The incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes was calculated by standardized incidence ratio (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) compared with general population.Results. The incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes among patients with T2DM was significantly higher than in general population. Stroke risk was found significantly increased with an SIR of 3.87 (95% CI 3.76–3.99) and 3.38 (95% CI 3.27–3.48) in females and males, respectively. The excess risk of stroke was mainly attributable to the significantly higher risk of cerebral infarctions with the risk for T2DM being four times that for general population.Conclusions. The relationship between stroke and T2DM was strong, especially in female. The incidence of stroke and stroke subtypes among patients with T2DM was up to 3-fold higher than in general population in Zhejiang province, especially the subtype of cerebral infarctions.

scholarly journals Eficácia do treinamento excêntrico no reparo tecidual de indivíduos com tendinopatia de Aquiles: uma revisão bibliográfica

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Rafael Virgínio Souza ◽  
Vanessa Lara Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Achilles Tendinopathy ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term

Introduction: The tendinopathy is a common dysfunction in athletes, and the number of tendinopathies has increased in the last few years. Regarding tendon lesions, the Achilles tendinopathy is one of the most commons, specially among runners. There are several techniques to treat tendon lesions, such as the eccentric exercise. This exercise is widely used and discussed in the literature. Goal: To carry out a literature review in order to investigate the short and long term effects of eccentric exercise on tendon vascularization and structure in patients with Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs and PEDro databases Results: 13 studies that measure the effects of eccentric exercises in the tendon structure were selected. Conclusion: The studies suggest that eccentric exercise can modify tendon structure in short and long term, reestablishing its healthy structure conditions.

Impact of metabolic surgery on type-2 diabetes remission

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cejana de Abrantes Figueiredo Baiocchi ◽  
Diana Aristótelis Rocha de Sá ◽  
Alberto Krayyem Arbex
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Metabolic Surgery ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Diabetes Remission ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Remission

Abstract:: Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by numerous metabolic disorders, which have in common the serum elevation of glucose, caused for a pancreatic malfunction in insulin secretion and / or its action. It is a non-communicable disease, considered major public health problems and generalized growth worldwide, being a chronic disease, which can generate a high treatment cost. Metabolic surgery is a safe treatment, regulated by the Federal Council of Medicine and useful in treating people with BMI over 30 years of age, who are unable to control pathologies associated with obesity, especially type 2 diabetes. The general objective of this study is to understand through a literature review the main impacts of metabolic surgery about the remission of DM 2. This present study it is an exploratory and descriptive study carried out through a literature review. Data were collected through research in virtual health databases, at the Virtual Health Library - VHL, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Information System, LILACS, National Library of Medicine - MEDLINE, Scielo, USP database, PUBMED theses and books. Metabolic surgery proof be a good and effective treatment for having and maintaining good weight loss, as well as a significant clinical and metabolic improvement that extends beyond weight loss. Metabolic surgery is a satisfactory way of achieving long-term weight reduction in obese individuals, increasing survival for these patients. Obese patients with DM2 have a long-term remission of DM2 after bariatric / metabolic surgery. Therefore, it concludes that such procedure is effective in the treatment of the disease and other diseases associated with obesity. 1

scholarly journals Hypogonadism in male infants and adolescents: new androgen formulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Chioma ◽  
Marco Cappa
Keyword(s):  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Testosterone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Male Hypogonadism ◽  
Adult Males

Background Male hypogonadism may be associated with micropenis and cryptorchidism in newborn, absent or incomplete pubertal development when it occurs during childhood. During puberty, androgen replacement therapy plays a pivotal role in subjects with hypogonadism to induce sexual maturation, growth acceleration, anabolic effects on fat-free mass growth increasing muscle strength, directly and indirectly on the attainment of peak bone mass in young men. Moreover, in newborns with congenital hypogonadism, androgen therapy could be effective to increase genital size. Summary Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) represents the cornerstone of the management of hypogonadism in boys. During puberty, replacement therapy needs to be modulated with gradual dosing increase to better mimic the physiologic pubertal development. Currently, intramuscular testosterone esters (in particular testosterone enanthate, TE) and subcutaneous testosterone pellets are the only formulations approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for delayed puberty, while no preparation is approved for long-term use in the adolescent age. Several new testosterone (T) formulations (as transdermal, nasal, subcutaneous, and oral formulation) are recently developed to improve the pharmacokinetic profile and to ease the administration route increasing patient compliance in adult males with hypogonadism. All these formulations are not approved for pediatric age, although some of them are used as “off-label” regimens. This special issue is aimed to illustrate new T formulations and their potential role as replacement therapy in the pediatric population, as well as to highlight investigational areas to contribute to health care improvement in these patients. Key Messages. Despite the lack of evidence-based guidelines regarding the choice of T formulation in the pediatric population, new formulations appear to have a potential role for TRT in adolescent age. They have been designed for adult age with a little flexibility of dosage, although a few formulations may be attractive for pubertal induction and penile enlargement thanks to their greater flexibility and easing of administration. On the other hand, long-acting and stable formulations could meet post-pubertal needs, increasing TRT compliance in a critical phase as the adolescent age. Further controlled, long-term safety, and efficacy studies for all these new T formulations within the pediatric population are needed.

Abstract #238: Improved Short Term and Long Term Outcomes of Early Insulin Initiation in Type 2 Diabetes Over 10 Years

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Jothydev Kesavadev ◽  
Shashank Joshi ◽  
Banshi Saboo ◽  
Hemant Thacker ◽  
Arun Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Initiation ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term
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