scholarly journals Dynamic Optimization Technique for Distribution of Goods with Stochastic Shortages

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Charles I. Nkeki
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Dynamic Optimization ◽  
Error Bounds ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Expected Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
In Transit

This work considers the distribution of goods with stochastic shortages from factories to stores. It is assumed that in the process of shipping the goods to various stores, some proportion of the goods will be damaged (which will lead to shortage of goods in transit). The cost of the damaged goods is added to the cost of the shipment. A proportion of the total expected cost of the shortage goods is assumed to be recovered and should be deducted from the total cost of the shipment. In order to determine the minimum transportation costs for the operation, we adopt dynamic optimization principles. The optimal transportation cost and optimal control policies of shipping the goods from factories to stores were obtained. We find that the optimal costs of the goods recovered could be determined. It was further found that the optimum costs of distributing the goods with minimum and maximum error bounds coincide only at infinity.

scholarly journals The Development of Patient Scheduling Groups for an Effective Appointment System

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 43-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li Huang
Keyword(s):  
Access To Care ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Urgent Care ◽  
Patient Scheduling ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Patient Type ◽  
Clinic Efficiency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

SummaryPatient access to care and long wait times has been identified as major problems in outpatient delivery systems. These aspects impact medical staff productivity, service quality, clinic efficiency, and health-care cost.This study proposed to redesign existing patient types into scheduling groups so that the total cost of clinic flow and scheduling flexibility was minimized. The optimal scheduling group aimed to improve clinic efficiency and accessibility.The proposed approach used the simulation optimization technique and was demonstrated in a Primary Care physician clinic. Patient type included, emergency/urgent care (ER/UC), follow-up (FU), new patient (NP), office visit (OV), physical exam (PE), and well child care (WCC). One scheduling group was designed for this physician. The approach steps were to collect physician treatment time data for each patient type, form the possible scheduling groups, simulate daily clinic flow and patient appointment requests, calculate costs of clinic flow as well as appointment flexibility, and find the scheduling group that minimized the total cost.The cost of clinic flow was minimized at the scheduling group of four, an 8.3% reduction from the group of one. The four groups were: 1. WCC, 2. OV, 3. FU and ER/UC, and 4. PE and NP. The cost of flexibility was always minimized at the group of one. The total cost was minimized at the group of two. WCC was considered separate and the others were grouped together. The total cost reduction was 1.3% from the group of one.This study provided an alternative method of redesigning patient scheduling groups to address the impact on both clinic flow and appointment accessibility. Balance between them ensured the feasibility to the recognized issues of patient service and access to care. The robustness of the proposed method on the changes of clinic conditions was also discussed.

scholarly journals Joint Optimization of a Dry Port with Multilevel Location and Container Transportation: The Case of Northeast China

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Feng Pian ◽  
Qiuju Shi ◽  
Xue Yao ◽  
Huiling Zhu ◽  
Weixin Luan
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Joint Optimization ◽  
Container Transportation ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Road ◽  
Total Transportation Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Port Construction ◽  
Dry Ports

Dry port construction can reduce the cost of container transportation, and its location is the focus of existing research. Considering dry port capacity limitations and scale advantages, this study calculates the costs associated with dry port construction and operations, transportation, time, and the environment and constructs a joint optimization model of the dry port location and transportation scheme to minimize the total cost. Taking 35 prefecture-level cities in Northeast China as the source of container goods and Dalian port as the destination, this study conducts an empirical analysis using the Gurobi 9.0.2 optimizer of the AMPL software to solve the problem and takes the minimum total cost as the goal to select the best dry port and container transshipment scheme. The research draws the following conclusions. Seven dry ports also need to be built in the road-rail (RD-RL) mode, which shares 82.76% of the container transshipment volume, to reduce the total transportation cost by approximately 21.67%. Although multimodal transport through dry ports increases the time cost slightly, it can significantly reduce the economic and environmental costs of container transportation.

scholarly journals Construction of the Optimization Model of Cargo Transport Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 03013
Author(s):  
Yanyan Kong ◽  
Benfang Tian ◽  
Qingyang Wang ◽  
Donghui Liu ◽  
Yunfei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Transportation Modes ◽  
Consumption Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
In Transit

The transportation is gradually integrated into the circulation system of bulk goods, and developing and growing. Transportation has the advantages of high efficiency, high quality and green environment, In time, efficiency and cost than the traditional bulk transport has certain advantages. This paper analyzes the cost of logistics transportation network, which mainly includes transportation cost in transit, transit cost, time cost of cargo transportation and special cost. This paper discusses in detail the transportation cost, transit cost, time cost and carbon consumption cost of different transportation modes in the process of “scattered transformation”, and constructs the optimization model of” scattered transformation “transportation network with the least comprehensive transportation cost including the above costs.

ROLE OF MEDIA COVERAGE IN MITIGATING AN EPIDEMIC OUTBREAK: AN OPTIMAL CONTROL MODEL

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
ANSHIKA KAPOOR ◽  
ANIRUDDHA DEKA ◽  
SAMIT BHATTACHARYYA
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Optimal Control ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Public Health Department ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
The Cost

Flu is an acute respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus. The outbreak usually occurs every year in temperate region during the fall and winter seasons, but it is present year-round in tropics. Perceived risk of infection, affordability and lack of awareness among the population results in a low level of vaccination coverage. To control disease transmission and promote vaccination, public health officials use media coverage to spread awareness on vaccine safety, vaccine coverage, disease prevalence in the population through public health websites, advertisements, and other social media web pages. Media coverage acts as an incentive as it helps to decrease overall transmission potential and also at the same time increases the vaccination coverage in the population. Since the public health department has a limited budget, it needs to make optimum allocation of its effort to reduce the total cost of infection. Our paper investigates the effect of media coverage using SIR model of disease transmission. We look at three possible functional relationships — linear, exponential, and hyperbolic — the way media coverage may affect the disease transmission and vaccination rate. We derive necessary conditions of optimal solution using Optimal Control Theory and Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP) to minimize the total cost for infection. Analysis of our paper demonstrates that the cost of optimal management is four times less than the cost of constant control effort, and putting more effort into reducing transmission is optimal rather than an effort to increase vaccination at the beginning of the outbreak. Analysis of the role of media coverage under three different scenarios may help in formulating policies for public health programs in mitigating the influenza outbreak.

scholarly journals Optimization Model and Algorithm of Empty Pallets Dispatching under the Time-Space Network of Express Shipment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Zhou ◽  
Shiwei He ◽  
Rui Song ◽  
Xiaole Guo ◽  
Kaiming Li
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Clonal Selection ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Transport Cost ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Time Requirement ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Cost

Relying on the express freight network, the dispatching of empty pallets based on the pallet pool mode is studied to reuse pallets with the minimum transport cost, enhance the pallet utilization rate, reduce the waste of resources, and save the cost of logistics. Considering the influence of transport efficiency for different modes in transportation process, differences of transportation cost, carbon emissions, and transportation timeliness of demand points required, an optimization model is constructed. The objective of the model is to minimize the total cost including transportation cost, inventory cost, lease cost, and loss cost. According to the structural characteristics of the model, genetic algorithm and improved cloud clonal selection operation is used to solve the model. Finally, the validity and rationality of the optimization model are verified by a case study. The result shows that the total dispatching cost of considering time requirement is 1.8 times the cost without considering the time requirement, respectively, both less than the total cost of pallets leasing. Moreover, when there are 3 supply points and 2 demand points and the number of iterations is 100, after the algorithms are run for 30 times, the worst values are 9305 and 8317 for genetic algorithm and the improved cloud clonal selection operation, respectively. Therefore, the efficiency of the improved cloud clonal selection operation is higher than genetic algorithm.

OPTIMAL FEASIBLE SOLUTIONS TO A ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 456
Author(s):  
Tolulope Latunde ◽  
Joseph Oluwaseun Richard ◽  
Opeyemi Odunayo Esan ◽  
Damilola Deborah Dare
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Problem ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
North West ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
Basic Feasible Solutions ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
Road Freight Transportation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

For twenty decades, there is a visible ever forward advancement in the technology of mobility, vehicles and transportation system in general. However, there is no "cure-all" remedy ideal enough to solve all life problems but mathematics has proven that if the problem can be determined, it is most likely solvable. New methods and applications will keep coming to making sure that life problems will be solved faster and easier. This study is to adopt a mathematical transportation problem in the Coca-Cola company aiming to help the logistics department manager of the Asejire and Ikeja plant to decide on how to distribute demand by the customers and at the same time, minimize the cost of transportation. Here, different algorithms are used and compared to generate an optimal solution, namely; North West Corner Method (NWC), Least Cost Method (LCM) and Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM). The transportation model type in this work is the Linear Programming as the problems are represented in tables and results are compared with the result obtained on Maple 18 software. The study shows various ways in which the initial basic feasible solutions to the problem can be obtained where the best method that saves the highest percentage of transportation cost with for this problem is the NWC. The NWC produces the optimal transportation cost which is 517,040 units.

scholarly journals An Optimal Control Problem by a Hybrid System of Hyperbolic and Ordinary Differential Equations

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Alexander Arguchintsev ◽  
Vasilisa Poplevko
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Optimal Control Problem ◽  
Control Problem ◽  
Ordinary Differential Equations ◽  
Hyperbolic Equations ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Optimal Control Methods

This paper deals with an optimal control problem for a linear system of first-order hyperbolic equations with a function on the right-hand side determined from controlled bilinear ordinary differential equations. These ordinary differential equations are linear with respect to state functions with controlled coefficients. Such problems arise in the simulation of some processes of chemical technology and population dynamics. Normally, general optimal control methods are used for these problems because of bilinear ordinary differential equations. In this paper, the problem is reduced to an optimal control problem for a system of ordinary differential equations. The reduction is based on non-classic exact increment formulas for the cost-functional. This treatment allows to use a number of efficient optimal control methods for the problem. An example illustrates the approach.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Energy Management and Charging Strategy for Electric Bus Fleets in Cities Using Various ECO Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7865
Author(s):  
Mohammed Mahedi Hasan ◽  
Nikos Avramis ◽  
Mikaela Ranta ◽  
Andoni Saez-de-Ibarra ◽  
Mohamed El Baghdadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Eco Features

The paper presents use case simulations of fleets of electric buses in two cities in Europe, one with a warm Mediterranean climate and the other with a Northern European (cool temperate) climate, to compare the different climatic effects of the thermal management strategy and charging management strategy. Two bus routes are selected in each city, and the effects of their speed, elevation, and passenger profiles on the energy and thermal management strategy of vehicles are evaluated. A multi-objective optimization technique, the improved Simple Optimization technique, and a “brute-force” Monte Carlo technique were employed to determine the optimal number of chargers and charging power to minimize the total cost of operation of the fleet and the impact on the grid, while ensuring that all the buses in the fleet are able to realize their trips throughout the day and keeping the battery SoC within the constraints designated by the manufacturer. A mix of four different types of buses with different battery capacities and electric motor specifications constitute the bus fleet, and the effects that they have on charging priority are evaluated. Finally, different energy management strategies, including economy (ECO) features, such as ECO-comfort, ECO-driving, and ECO-charging, and their effects on the overall optimization are investigated. The single bus results indicate that 12 m buses have a significant battery capacity, allowing for multiple trips within their designated routes, while 18 m buses only have the battery capacity to allow for one or two trips. The fleet results for Barcelona city indicate an energy requirement of 4.42 GWh per year for a fleet of 36 buses, while for Gothenburg, the energy requirement is 5 GWh per year for a fleet of 20 buses. The higher energy requirement in Gothenburg can be attributed to the higher average velocities of the bus routes in Gothenburg, compared to those of the bus routes in Barcelona city. However, applying ECO-features can reduce the energy consumption by 15% in Barcelona city and by 40% in Gothenburg. The significant reduction in Gothenburg is due to the more effective application of the ECO-driving and ECO-charging strategies. The application of ECO-charging also reduces the average grid load by more than 10%, while shifting the charging towards non-peak hours. Finally, the optimization process results in a reduction of the total fleet energy consumption of up to 30% in Barcelona city, while in Gothenburg, the total cost of ownership of the fleet is reduced by 9%.

scholarly journals Dynamical Analysis and Optimal Control for a SEIR Model Based on Virus Mutation in WSNs

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 929
Author(s):  
Guiyun Liu ◽  
Jieyong Chen ◽  
Zhongwei Liang ◽  
Zhimin Peng ◽  
Junqiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Hamiltonian Function ◽  
Propagation Model ◽  
Dynamical Analysis ◽  
Optimal Control Strategy ◽  
Epidemic Dynamics ◽  
Optimization Control ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Pontryagin Maximum Principle

With the rapid development of science and technology, the application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is more and more widely. It has been widely concerned by scholars. Viruses are one of the main threats to WSNs. In this paper, based on the principle of epidemic dynamics, we build a SEIR propagation model with the mutated virus in WSNs, where E nodes are infectious and cannot be repaired to S nodes or R nodes. Subsequently, the basic reproduction number R0, the local stability and global stability of the system are analyzed. The cost function and Hamiltonian function are constructed by taking the repair ratio of infected nodes and the repair ratio of mutated infected nodes as optimization control variables. Based on the Pontryagin maximum principle, an optimal control strategy is designed to effectively control the spread of the virus and minimize the total cost. The simulation results show that the model has a guiding significance to curb the spread of mutated virus in WSNs.

The estimated healthcare cost of diabetic retinopathy in Indonesia and its projection for 2025

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bayu Sasongko ◽  
Firman Setya Wardhana ◽  
Gandhi Anandika Febryanto ◽  
Angela Nurini Agni ◽  
Supanji Supanji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Healthcare Cost ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Population Based ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Illness Model ◽  
The Cost

PurposeTo estimate the total healthcare cost associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes in Indonesia and its projection for 2025.MethodsA prevalence-based cost-of-illness model was constructed from previous population-based DR study. Projection for 2025 was derived from estimated diabetes population in 2025. Direct treatment costs of DR were estimated from the perspective of healthcare. Patient perspective costs were obtained from thorough interview including only transportation cost and lost of working days related to treatment. We developed four cost-of-illness models according to DR severity level, DR without necessary treatment, needing laser treatment, laser +intravitreal (IVT) injection and laser + IVT +vitrectomy. All costs were estimated in 2017 US$.ResultsThe healthcare costs of DR in Indonesia were estimated to be $2.4 billion in 2017 and $8.9 billion in 2025. The total cost in 2017 consisted of the cost for no DR and mild–moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR) requiring eye screening ($25.9 million), severe NPDR or proliferative DR (PDR) requiring laser treatment ($0.25 billion), severe NPDR or PDR requiring both laser and IVT injection ($1.75 billion) and advance level of PDR requiring vitrectomy ($0.44 billion).ConclusionsThe estimated healthcare cost of DR in Indonesia in 2017 was considerably high, nearly 2% of the 2017 national state budget, and projected to increase significantly to more than threefold in 2025. The highest cost may incur for DR requiring both laser and IVT injection. Therefore, public health intervention to delay or prevent severe DR may substantially reduce the healthcare cost of DR in Indonesia.

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