scholarly journals What the Iberian Conquest Bequeathed to Us: The Fruit Trees Introduced in Argentine Subtropic—Their History and Importance in Present Traditional Medicine

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo C. Stampella ◽  
Daniela Alejandra Lambaré ◽  
Norma I. Hilgert ◽  
María Lelia Pochettino
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Applications

This contribution presents information about the history of introduction, establishment, and local appropriation of Eurasian fruit trees—species and varieties of the generaPrunusandCitrus—from 15th century in two rural areas of Northern Argentina. By means of an ethnobotanical and ethnohistorical approach, our study was aimed at analysing how this process influenced local medicine and the design of cultural landscape that they are still part of. As a first step, local diversity, knowledge, and management practices of these fruit tree species were surveyed. In a second moment, medicinal properties attributed to them were documented. A historical literature was consulted referring to different aspects on introduction of peaches and citric species into America and their uses in the past. The appropriation of these fruit-trees gave place to new applications and a particular status for introduced species that are seen as identitary and contribute to the definition of the communities and daily life landscapes. Besides, these plants, introduced in a relatively short period and with written record, allow the researcher to understand and to design landscape domestication, as a multidimensional result of physical, social, and symbolic environment.

scholarly journals Anthropological Genetics Perspectives on the Transatlantic Slave Trade

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Fortes-Lima ◽  
Paul Verdu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Native American ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Anthropological Genetics ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
African Descendants ◽  
Genome Wide Data ◽  
History Of

Abstract During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (TAST), around twelve million Africans were enslaved and forcibly moved from Africa to the Americas and Europe, durably influencing the genetic and cultural landscape of a large part of humanity since the 15th century. Following historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists, population geneticists have, since the 1950’s mainly, extensively investigated the genetic diversity of populations on both sides of the Atlantic. These studies shed new lights into the largely unknown genetic origins of numerous enslaved-African descendant communities in the Americas, by inferring their genetic relationships with extant African, European, and Native American populations. Furthermore, exploring genome-wide data with novel statistical and bioinformatics methods, population geneticists have been increasingly able to infer the last 500 years of admixture histories of these populations. These inferences have highlighted the diversity of histories experienced by enslaved-African descendants, and the complex influences of socio-economic, political, and historical contexts on human genetic diversity patterns during and after the slave trade. Finally, the recent advances of paleogenomics unveiled crucial aspects of the life and health of the first generation of enslaved Africans in the Americas. Altogether, human population genetics approaches in the genomic and paleogenomic era need to be coupled with history, archaeology, anthropology, and demography in interdisciplinary research, to reconstruct the multifaceted and largely unknown history of the TAST and its influence on human biological and cultural diversities today. Here, we review anthropological genomics studies published over the past 15 years and focusing on the history of enslaved-African descendant populations in the Americas.

scholarly journals Town, village and bush: war and cultural landscapes in south-eastern Angola (1966-2002)

Afrika Focus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

In most of the literature on the subject, urban and rural areas are presented as real physical entities that are geographically determined. Obviously such an approach is important and necessary, but in this contribution I want to draw attention to ‘the urban’ and ‘the rural’ as ideas, as items of cultural landscape rather than as physical facts. This will result both in a history of ideas and a social history of the war in Angola as experienced by civilians from the south-eastern part of the country. The article is based on a case-study that deals with the history of south-east Angola, an area that was in a state of war from 1966 to 2002. In the course of the 1990s I spoke with immigrants from this region who were resident in Rundu, Northern Namibia, mostly as illegal refugees. In our conversations the immigrants explained how the categories ‘town’ and ‘country’ came into being during colonialism and what changes occurred after the war started. They argued that during the war agriculture in the countryside became well-nigh impossible and an opposition between ‘town’ and ‘bush’ came into being that could have lethal consequences for the civilian population living in the region. This case-study on south-east Angola shows the importance of a historical approach to categories such as ‘urbanity’ and ‘rurality’ as such categories may undergo relatively rapid change – in both discourse and practice. Key words: landscape (town, country and bush), war, south-east Angola 

THE CROSSROADS OF THOUGHT. COMMEMORATING ALEXANDER A. ZIMIN

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-155
Author(s):  
Eugene B. Rashkovskii ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Russian History ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Intelligentsia

The article is a kind of analytical reminiscence concerning Alexander A. Zimin, an outstanding historian whose sphere of research was medieval Rus’. The paper combines the elements of personal reminiscences with some features of historiographic narration concerning Zimin’s analysis of the Russian 15th century feudal wars in its contrast with official Soviet historical thinking during Zimin’s life. It deals with Zimin’s understanding of the relatively short period of Russian 15th century feudal wars as one of the crucial periods of the civilizational as well as social, civil and cultural history of this country. The author tries to reconstruct one of his last conversations with Alexander Zimin (summer 1978). According to prof. Zimin, the complicated collision of the two Russian socio-cultural archetypes – “landowners” and “peasants” – is one of the focal issues of Russian history as a whole. The paper pays special attention to A.A. Zimin’s half-hidden interpretation of the whole story of the Russian intelligentsia from the Pre-Petrine as well as Post-Petrine times up till now.

The “Abrahamic Metacivilization” of the 8th –13th Centuries

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Daniil V. Puzanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
System Perspective ◽  
Historical Ethnography ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Zone Of Influence ◽  
Abrahamic Religions ◽  
Definition Of

The article substantiates the expediency of considering the system of Christian and Islamic medieval civilizations as a single Abrahamic metacivilization. Heuristic possibilities of the term are revealed on the basis of research works on sociology, philosophy, world and domestic history. The features of the perception of civilizations and religions are analyzed from the point of view of the world-system perspective and global history. The definition of local civilization is being clarified. The definition of metacivilization is given. It is noted that, since the 8th century, on the territory of Asia Minor, North Africa and Europe, a system was forming whose unity was based on a combination of two universal cultures: the Hellenistic (science and law) one and the system of teachings of the Abrahamic religions. The expediency of designating this system as “Abrahamic metacivilization” is substantiated. It could not have arisen before the 7th–8th centuries. Along with the Arab conquests, the importance of religions in communications in the designated territories was growing, and the zone of influence of the Abrahamic religions was seriously expanding. The author proposes to leave open the question of the upper chronological framework of the phenomenon. The Abrahamic metacivilization disappears either in the 13th century (when its Hellenistic component begins to erode) or in the 15th century (with the formation of the capitalist worldsystem). Like world-systems, the Abrahamic civilization had a hierarchical structure, which depended on the degree of political power centralization and the completeness of the state ideology formation. The metacivilization center was represented by Byzantium and the empires of Islam. It seems promising to use the term to study some aspects of the legal, cultural, social and economic history of medieval states with an official Abrahamic religion, including the study of interfaith transactions. It seems promising to study from such positions the early history of Eastern Europe, whose many regions still preserved the tribal structure. The possibility of using the term “Abrahamic metacivilization” in historical ethnography (for example, based on some provisions of R. Redfield’s theory, in which the mechanisms of globalization and global processes were for the first time considered from the standpoint of social anthropology) is also substantiated. An advantage of the term is its specific territorial-chronological reference. It is noted that the term “Abrahamic metacivilization” can be used in studies with different methodological bases.

scholarly journals Town, village and bush: war and cultural landscapes in south-eastern Angola (1966-2002)

Afrika Focus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Inge Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

In most of the literature on the subject, urban and rural areas are presented as real physical entities that are geographically determined. Obviously such an approach is important and necessary, but in this contribution I want to draw attention to ‘the urban’ and ‘the rural’ as ideas, as items of cultural landscape rather than as physical facts. This will result both in a history of ideas and a social history of the war in Angola as experienced by civilians from the south-eastern part of the country. The article is based on a case-study that deals with the history of south-east Angola, an area that was in a state of war from 1966 to 2002. In the course of the 1990s I spoke with immigrants from this region who were resident in Rundu, Northern Namibia, mostly as illegal refugees. In our conversations the immigrants explained how the categories ‘town’ and ‘country’ came into being during colonialism and what changes occurred after the war started. They argued that during the war agriculture in the countryside became well-nigh impossible and an opposition between ‘town’ and ‘bush’ came into being that could have lethal consequences for the civilian population living in the region. This case-study on south-east Angola shows the importance of a historical approach to categories such as ‘urbanity’ and ‘rurality’ as such categories may undergo relatively rapid change – in both discourse and practice.

scholarly journals Open-Air Łódź Sculpture Gallery and Its Influence on the City’s Aesthetics in 1972–1978

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Maria Nowakowska
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Town Planning ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City

The aim of the paper is to outline the circumstances of the establishment of the Łódź Sculpture Gallery in Rubinstein’s Alley (formerly: Aleja ZMP) and its impact on the aesthetics of Łódź. Despite the city’s history dating back to the beginning of the 15th century, the first fully-fledged sculpture in public space appeared only in 1912. By the beginning of World War II, the number of sculptures increased to a dozen or so, but all of those works were destroyed by the Germans in the first years of the occupation. In the period 1945–1970, two monuments and a dozen or so smaller forms appeared. The sculptural face of the city was changed only by the Łódź Sculpture Gallery, which focused on the most important issues of post-war town planning, politics, artistic trends, and social needs. Despite its short period of operation (1972–1978), its effects are still visible almost everywhere in Łódź. Never before and never after has the medium of sculpture been aestheticised on such a scale in the city. The memory of this place and several dozen sculptures (and of their creators) has almost faded away. Currently, activities are under way to restore the Łódź Sculpture Gallery to its due position in the history of the city and to continue its activities in the same place. 

The Oxford History of the Novel in English

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Novel ◽  
History Of The Novel ◽  
Global Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Opening Section

This volume examines the period from 1750–1820, which was a crucial period in the development of the novel in English. Not only was it the time of Smollett, Sterne, Austen, and Scott, but it also saw the establishment and definition of the novel as we know it, as well as the emergence of a number of subgenres, several of which remain to this day. Conventionally however, it has been one of the least studied areas—seen as a falling off from the heyday of Richardson and Fielding, or merely a prelude to the great Victorian novelists. This book takes full advantage of recent major advances in scholarly bibliography, new critical assessments, and the fresh availability of long-neglected fictional works, to offer a new mapping and appraisal. The opening section, as well as later chapters, consider historical conditions underlying the production, circulation, and reception of fiction during these seventy years, a period itself marked by a rapid growth in output and expansion in readership. Other chapters cover the principal forms, movements, and literary themes of the period, with individual contributions on the four major novelists (named above), seen in historical context, as well as others on adjacent fields such as the shorter tale, magazine fiction, children's literature, and drama. The volume also views the novel in the light of other major institutions of modern literary culture, including book reviewing and the reprint trade, all of which played a part in advancing a sense of the novel as a defining feature of the British cultural landscape. A focus on ‘global’ literature and imported fiction in two concluding chapters in turn reflects a broader concern for transitional literary studies in general.

Reflections on the Notion of Culture in the History of Mathematics: The Example of “Geometrical Equations”

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Lê
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

ArgumentThis paper challenges the use of the notion of “culture” to describe a particular organization of mathematical knowledge, shared by a few mathematicians over a short period of time in the second half of the nineteenth century. This knowledge relates to “geometrical equations,” objects that proved crucial for the mechanisms of encounters between equation theory, substitution theory, and geometry at that time, although they were not well-defined mathematical objects. The description of the mathematical collective activities linked to “geometrical equations,” and especially the technical aspects of these activities, is made on the basis of a sociological definition of “culture.” More precisely, after an examination of the social organization of the group of mathematicians, I argue that these activities form an intricate system of patterns, symbols, and values, for which I suggest a characterization as a “cultural system.”

scholarly journals Predictors of Awareness and Management Practices of Diabetes among Rural Dwellers of Sindh

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Abdul Haseeb ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Waqas Ahmed Farooqui ◽  
Hala Soomro ◽  
Muhammad Ahad Sher Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sugar Levels ◽  
Rural Dwellers

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION: </strong>The most substantial method of control for the spread of DM, is the spreading of knowledge and information regarding DM and its complications. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the level of knowledge, awareness and management practices among people suffering from DM in the rural areas of Sindh.</p><p><strong>METHODOLOGY: </strong>A descriptive cross sectional survey was performed on 400 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 2 patients from March 2015 to June 2015, dwelling in rural areas of Sindh province, South Pakistan. A paper based questionnaire was used to determine sociodemographic features, knowledge and awareness with regards to DM and its complications and last part evaluated management practices to manage diabetes.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Only 50% participants knew that DM is a condition of high blood glucose and only 39% considered it as a preventable disease. With regards to management practices, only 65.0% had a home glucometer and 48% regularly checked their blood sugar levels. Family history of DM, BMI, education level, monthly household income, marital status and age were important predictors of knowledge among rural dwellers.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Our study has revealed lack of knowledge and inadequate management practices among diabetic patients of rural areas of Sindh, especially in patients attending primary healthcare setups. Management techniques and knowhow of this silent and deadly pathological condition should be spread to rural populace through seminars and media, which would eventually mold their life in a better condition.</p>

scholarly journals Forest Surface Changes and Cultural Values: The Forests of Tuscany (Italy) in the Last Century

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Francesco Piras ◽  
Martina Venturi ◽  
Federica Corrieri ◽  
Antonio Santoro ◽  
Mauro Agnoletti
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Forest Policies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Surface Changes

Despite the definition of social and cultural values as the third pillar of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) in 2003 and the guidelines for their implementation in SFM in 2007 issued by the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe (MCPFE), the importance of cultural values is not sufficiently transferred into forest planning and conservation. Tuscany is widely known for the quality of its cultural landscape, however, the abandonment of agro-pastoral surfaces as a consequence of rural areas depopulation, has led to widespread reforestation and to the abandonment of forest management. In addition, due to the interruption of a regular forest management and to the fact that most of the population lives in cities, forests are no more perceived as part of the cultural heritage, but mainly as a natural landscape. Due to this trend traditional forest management techniques, such as coppicing, have also been considered as a factor of degradation and not even a historical management form. The aim of the study is therefore to analyze forest surface changes in Tuscany in the last century to assess the importance of cultural values. Results highlighted that already in 1881 most of forests were regularly managed and that in 1936 more than 76% of broadleaved forests were managed as coppice. Between 1936 and 2016 forests increased their surface from 876,518 to 1,161,383 hectares due to the abandonment of the countryside, and 30% of the forests currently included in protected areas are the result of secondary successions. The findings of this study suggest the revision of national forest policies and, more in general, the adaptation of forest strategies to local conditions.

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