scholarly journals A High-Fat Diet Enriched with Low Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Reduced Fat Cellularity and Plasma Leptin Concentration inSprague-DawleyRats

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Tekeleselassie ◽  
Y. M. Goh ◽  
M. A. Rajion ◽  
M. Motshakeri ◽  
M. Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Menhaden Fish Oil ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Plasma Leptin

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fatty acids on the accretion pattern of major fat pads, inguinal fat cellularity, and their relation with plasma leptin concentration. FortySprague-Dawleyrats were randomly assigned into four groups and received the following diets for 22 weeks: (1) standard rat chow diet (CTRL), (2) CTRL + 10% (w/w) butter (HFAR), (3) CTRL + 3.33% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 6.67% (w/w) soybean oil (MFAR), and (4) CTRL + 6.67% (w/w) menhaden fish oil + 3.33% (w/w) soybean oil (LFAR). Inguinal fat cellularity and plasma leptin concentration were measured in this study. Results for inguinal fat cellularity showed that the mean adipocyte number for the MFAR (9.2 * 105 ± 3.6) and LFAR (8.5 * 105 ± 5.1) groups was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the rest, while the mean adipocyte diameter of HFAR group was larger (P<0.05) (46.2 ± 2.8) than the rest. The plasma leptin concentration in the HFAR group was higher (P<0.05) (3.22 ± 0.32 ng/mL), than the other groups. The higher inguinal fat cellularity clearly indicated the ability of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and butter supplemented diets to induce hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fat cells, respectively, which caused adipocyte remodeling due to hyperleptinemia.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular and Renal Calcification and Bone: A comparison of the effect of Dietary Fatty Acids

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachell Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Arterial Calcification ◽  
Ectopic Calcification ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Intima Medial Thickness

Cardiovascular (CV) and renal calcification is regularly found with osteoporosis and both are conditions of chronic<br />inflammation and oxidative stress. Intake of dietary fatty acids is known to impact on the incidence of CV disease and bone<br />loss but few studies have specifically looked at their impact on CV or renal calcification. This review found that although a<br />very high total fat intake is likely to prove detrimental to both tissues and bone, particularly with low calcium intake, human<br />studies often show mixed results, possibly because fatty acid intake shows a U-shaped dose/response curve, contrary to the<br />expected linear relationship. Nevertheless, intake of fish and fish oil are generally found to protect against ectopic calcification<br />and bone loss, with a low omega 6 to omega 3 ratio (preferably &lt;5:1) proving critical. Fish intake of 3-4 servings a week was<br />believed to be optimal. In arteries, the relationship between fish oil intake and other markers of sub-clinical atherosclerosis,<br />such as intima-medial thickness, may be stronger than their relationship with arterial calcification. Any association with arterial<br />calcification often lost significance after adjustment for CV risk factors, suggesting that fish oil may act principally by lowering<br />risk factors and calling into question whether CV calcification is a condition of dyslipidaemia.

Temperature Dependent Antimicrobial Activity of Menhaden Fish Oil in vitro and on Pet Food Kibbles Against Salmonella spp.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janak Dhakal ◽  
Charles Gregory Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Water Phase ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Menhaden Oil ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Menhaden Fish Oil

Fish oil inclusion into a dry pet food provides a source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish oil have antibacterial activity against various foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature applied to dry pet food kibbles on the antimicrobial activity of Menhaden fish oil against Salmonella spp. Sterile Menhaden oil was inoculated with ~8 logs of Salmonella cocktail (~3 % moisture; S. Enteritidis , Heidelberg, and Typhimurium) and incubated at 25°C, 37°C, and 45°C. Microbiological evaluation of the water phase was done after 2h on TSA agar. Sterile kibbles were coated with fish oil (7.0 % w/w). Canola oil coating was kept as a control. One hour after coating, the kibbles were inoculated with ~9 logs of Salmonella and incubated at their respective temperature. The microbiological evaluation was conducted at 0h, 2h, 6h, 12h, and 24h. The oil phase of the fish oil system was negative for Salmonella after 2h of incubation and confirmed by enrichment and PCR. From the water phase, 8.1 and 7.3 logs were recovered at 25°C and 37°C respectively and no Salmonella was detected at 45°C. On the kibble, Menhaden oil had higher antimicrobial ( p ≤ 0.05) activity after 12h at 25°C, and throughout the experiment at 37°C. At 45°C, the fish oil had a superior antimicrobial activity against Salmonella cocktail after 2h. When the fish oil alone was compared at different temperatures a higher antimicrobial activity was observed at 37°C and 45°C across all time points. The results indicate antimicrobial activity of the Menhaden oil increases with temperature. This is an important finding to the pet food industry; wherein a higher fat holding temperature (~ 45ºC) and the application process may help mitigate Salmonella on extruded kibbles.

Fish oil replacement with different vegetable oils in Murray cod: Evidence of an “omega-3 sparing effect” by other dietary fatty acids

Aquaculture ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 315 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.M. Turchini ◽  
D.S. Francis ◽  
S.P.S.D. Senadheera ◽  
T. Thanuthong ◽  
S.S. De Silva
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fish Oil Replacement ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Murray Cod

Fish oil plus wheat germ oil have no prominent effect on homocysteine levels and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hadeer Zakaria ◽  
Tarek M. Mostafa ◽  
Gamal A. El-Azab ◽  
Nagy AH Sayed-Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Nutritional Indices ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Serum Homocysteine

Abstract. Background: Elevated homocysteine levels and malnutrition are frequently detected in hemodialysis patients and are believed to exacerbate cardiovascular comorbidities. Omega-3 fatty acids have been postulated to lower homocysteine levels by up-regulating metabolic enzymes and improving substrate availability for homocysteine degradation. Additionally, it has been suggested that prevention of folate depletion by vitamin E consumption decreases homocysteine levels. However, data on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin E on homocysteine levels and nutritional status have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the effect of combined supplementation of fish oil, as a source of omega-3 fatty acids, with wheat germ oil, as a source of vitamin E, on homocysteine and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to two equally-sized groups; a supplemented group who received 3000 mg/day of fish oil [1053 mg omega-3 fatty acids] plus 300 mg/day of wheat germ oil [0.765 mg vitamin E], and a matched placebo group who received placebo capsules for 4 months. Serum homocysteine and different nutritional indices were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Twenty patients in each group completed the study. At the end of the study, there were no significant changes in homocysteine levels and in the nutritional indices neither in the supplemented nor in the placebo-control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fish oil and wheat germ oil combination did not produce significant effects on serum homocysteine levels and nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients.

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Siwitri Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords : 

scholarly journals Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Fish Oil from Whole Fish and by-Products of Baltic Herring (Clupea harengus membras)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1811
Author(s):  
Ella Aitta ◽  
Alexis Marsol-Vall ◽  
Annelie Damerau ◽  
Baoru Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Baltic Herring ◽  
By Products

Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) is one of the most abundant commercially caught fish species from the Baltic Sea. Despite the high content of fat and omega-3 fatty acids, the consumption of Baltic herring has decreased dramatically over the last four decades, mostly due to the small sizes and difficulty in processing. At the same time there is an increasing global demand for fish and fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids. This study aimed to investigate enzyme-assisted oil extraction as an environmentally friendly process for valorizing the underutilized fish species and by-products to high quality fish oil for human consumption. Three different commercially available proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase®, Neutrase® and Protamex®) and two treatment times (35 and 70 min) were investigated in the extraction of fish oil from whole fish and by-products from filleting of Baltic herring. The oil quality and stability were studied with peroxide- and p-anisidine value analyses, fatty acid analysis with GC-FID, and volatile compounds with HS-SPME-GC-MS. Overall, longer extraction times led to better oil yields but also increased oxidation of the oil. For whole fish, the highest oil yields were from the 70-min extractions with Neutrase and Protamex. Protamex extraction with 35 min resulted in the best fatty acid composition with the highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) but also increased oxidation compared to treatment with other enzymes. For by-products, the highest oil yield was obtained from the 70-min extraction with Protamex without significant differences in EPA and DHA contents among the oils extracted with different enzymes. Oxidation was lowest in the oil produced with 35-min treatment using Neutrase and Protamex. This study showed the potential of using proteolytic enzymes in the extraction of crude oil from Baltic herring and its by-products. However, further research is needed to optimize enzymatic processing of Baltic herring and its by-products to improve yield and quality of crude oil.

scholarly journals Parenteral Fish-Oil Containing Lipid Emulsions Limit Initial Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Host Immune Responses in Preterm Pigs

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
William Yakah ◽  
David Ramiro-Cortijo ◽  
Pratibha Singh ◽  
Joanne Brown ◽  
Barbara Stoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Lipid Emulsions ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Mixed Oil ◽  
The Impact

Multicomponent lipid emulsions are available for critical care of preterm infants. We sought to determine the impact of different lipid emulsions on early priming of the host and its response to an acute stimulus. Pigs delivered 7d preterm (n = 59) were randomized to receive different lipid emulsions for 11 days: 100% soybean oil (SO), mixed oil emulsion (SO, medium chain olive oil and fish oil) including 15% fish oil (MO15), or 100% fish oil (FO100). On day 11, pigs received an 8-h continuous intravenous infusion of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS—lyophilized Escherichia coli) or saline. Plasma was collected for fatty acid, oxylipin, metabolomic, and cytokine analyses. At day 11, plasma omega-3 fatty acid levels in the FO100 groups showed the highest increase in eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA (0.1 ± 0.0 to 9.7 ± 1.9, p < 0.001), docosahexaenoic acid, DHA (day 0 = 2.5 ± 0.7 to 13.6 ± 2.9, p < 0.001), EPA and DHA-derived oxylipins, and sphingomyelin metabolites. In the SO group, levels of cytokine IL1β increased at the first hour of LPS infusion (296.6 ± 308 pg/mL) but was undetectable in MO15, FO100, or in the animals receiving saline instead of LPS. Pigs in the SO group showed a significant increase in arachidonic acid (AA)-derived prostaglandins and thromboxanes in the first hour (p < 0.05). No significant changes in oxylipins were observed with either fish-oil containing group during LPS infusion. Host priming with soybean oil in the early postnatal period preserves a higher AA:DHA ratio and the ability to acutely respond to an external stimulus. In contrast, fish-oil containing lipid emulsions increase DHA, exacerbate a deficit in AA, and limit the initial LPS-induced inflammatory responses in preterm pigs.

Cardioprotective effects of omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil and it enhances autoimmunity in porcine cardiac myosin-induced myocarditis in the rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Yan Li ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
Ting-Chuan Zhang ◽  
Zong-Jun Liu ◽  
Jun-Qing Gao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Autoimmune Myocarditis ◽  
Tuna Fish ◽  
Fame Analysis ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Abstract This experiment proposed to investigate the efficiency of omega 3 fatty acids from fish that improves autoimmune against myocarditis in the rat. Fish oil was extracted from fresh Tuna fish and performed FAME analysis and mice bioassay. The autoimmune myocarditis was induced by subcutaneous injection of porcine cardiac myosin (PCM) into the footpads of rats on the first and seventh day. Rats were dissected on the 21st day to analyze the histopathological, hemodynamic, echocardiographic factors, and immunohistochemistry expressions. In the study, 73.90% of total fatty acids were recorded. Histological analysis revealed that omega 3 fatty acids administrated groups showed tremendous development in the multifocal myocardia hyaline degeneration and necrosis with inflammatory changes. Moreover, omega 3 fatty acids inhabited the expressions of inflammatory cells (CD4, CD8 and CD11b) and suppressed the level of NF-κB. The echocardiographic factors such as heartbeat, SBP, DBP, levels of LVDs, LVDd, LVPW percentage of LVFS, EF, expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IFN-ɤ, IL-2, and IL-6) also significantly suppressed by omega 3 fatty acids. Hence, the present study proved that consuming fatty acid-enriched fish might be a successful therapy for improving the inflammatory profile, regenerates the heart tissues, and controlled the production of inflammatory cells.

scholarly journals A Mixture of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ω-3 and ω-6 Reduces Melanoma Growth by Inhibiting Inflammatory Mediators in the Murine Tumor Microenvironment

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3765
Author(s):  
Ewin B. Almeida ◽  
Karina P.H. Silva ◽  
Vitoria Paixão ◽  
Jônatas B. do Amaral ◽  
Marcelo Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Leukotriene B4 ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Melanoma Growth

Background: Although it has been previously demonstrated that acute inflammation can promote the tumor growth of a sub-tumorigenic dose of melanoma cells through of 5-lipoxygenase inflammatory pathway and its product leukotriene B4, and also that the peritumoral treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid and its product, leukotriene B5, reduces the tumor development, the effect of the treatment by gavage with omega-3 and omega-6 in the tumor microenvironment favorable to melanoma growth associated with acute inflammation has never been studied. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were coinjected with 1 × 106 apoptotic cells plus 1 × 103 viable melanoma cells into the subcutaneous tissue and treated by gavage with omega-3-rich fish oil or omega-6-rich soybean oil or a mixture of these oils (1:1 ratio) during five consecutive days. Results: The treatment by gavage with a mixture of fish and soybean oils (1:1 ratio) both reduced the melanoma growth and the levels of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGE2/prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) ratio, and CXC ligand 1 (CXCL1) and increased the levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) to IL-10/CXCL1 ratio in the melanoma microenvironment. Conclusion: The oral administration of a 1:1 mixture of fish oil and soybean oil was able to alter the release of inflammatory mediators that are essential for a microenvironment favorable to the melanoma growth in mice, whereas fish oil or soybean oil alone was ineffective.

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