scholarly journals Joint Optimal Pricing and Inventory Control for Deteriorating Items under Inflation and Customer Returns

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghoreishi ◽  
Alireza Arshsadi khamseh ◽  
Abolfazl Mirzazadeh
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Control ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Solution Procedure ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Customer Returns ◽  
Joint Pricing ◽  
Finite Time Horizon ◽  
Dependent Demand

This paper studies the effect of inflation and customer returns on joint pricing and inventory control for deteriorating items. We adopt a price and time dependent demand function, also the customer returns are considered as a function of both price and demand. Shortage is allowed and partially backlogged. The main objective is determining the optimal selling price, the optimal replenishment cycles, and the order quantity simultaneously such that the present value of total profit in a finite time horizon is maximized. An algorithm has been presented to find the optimal solution. Finally, we solve a numerical example to illustrate the solution procedure and the algorithm.

scholarly journals Retailer's Optimal Pricing and Ordering Policies for Non-Instantaneous Deteriorating Items with Price-Dependent Demand and Partial Backlogging

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Te Yang ◽  
Liang-Yuh Ouyang ◽  
Hsing-Han Wu
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Replenishment Cycle ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
Dependent Demand

An inventory system for non-instantaneous deteriorating items with price-dependent demand is formulated and solved. A model is developed in which shortages are allowed and partially backlogged, where the backlogging rate is variable and dependent on the waiting time for the next replenishment. The major objective is to determine the optimal selling price, the length of time in which there is no inventory shortage, and the replenishment cycle time simultaneously such that the total profit per unit time has a maximum value. An algorithm is developed to find the optimal solution, and numerical examples are provided to illustrate the theoretical results. A sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to major parameters is also carried out.

Optimal Inventory Policies for Price and Time Sensitive Demand under Advertisement

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita Shah ◽  
Ekta Patel ◽  
Kavita Rabari
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Time ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Solution Procedure ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Back Order

Aims: This article analyzes an inventory system for deteriorating items. The demand is quadratic function of time and is dependent on time, price and advertisement. Shortages are allowed and partially backlogged. Background: Demand and pricing are the two most crucial factors in inventory policy for any business to be successful. In today’s era of competitive circumstances, any product is promoted through advertisement, which plays a vital role in changing the demand pattern among the community. The marketing and demonstration of an item by time-to-time with fashionable advertisements through well-known media such as TV, radio, newspaper, magazine, etc. However, this idea is not always true for some goods like wheat, vegetables, fruits, food grains, medicines and other perishable goods due to their deteriorating nature and this in turn decreases demand for such goods. Deterioration may define as decay, damage, spoilage, evaporation, obsolescence, pilferage. Hence, deterioration effect is a major part in inventory control theory. So in this article demand rate is considered to be a function of selling price, time and occurrence of advertisement instantaneously. Objective: A solution procedure is obtained to find optimal number of price changes and optimal selling price to maximize the total profit. Method: Classical Optimization. Result: From the sensitivity analysis table, it can be seen that the optimal profit is highly sensible to advertisement coefficient and purchase cost. With an increment in rate of deterioration, selling price decreases. Scale demand has reasonable effect on cycle time and selling price. When the value of increase, the cycle length and profit goes on decreasing. Growth in profit is observed if we increase parameter b, higher will be the profit. Price elasticity is sensible parameter with respect to selling price. If backlogging rate increases, the profit will decreases. The inventory parameters holding cost, back order cost and lost sale cost have marginal effect on total profit. Conclusion: In this article, an inventory model is proposed for deteriorating items with variable demand depends upon the advertisement, selling price of the item and time. Shortages are allowed and partially backlogged and backlogging rate depends on the waiting time for the next replenishment. From this article, we can conclude that the parameters are insensible with respect to optimal profit, cycle time and selling price and rest of the parameters have practical output on total profit.

A Fuzzy Inventory Model for Weibull Deteriorating Items with Price-Dependent Demand and Shortages under Permissible Delay in Payment

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-79
Author(s):  
Chandra K. Jaggi ◽  
Sarla Pareek ◽  
Anuj Sharma ◽  
Nidhi
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Inventory Model ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Profit Function ◽  
Permissible Delay In Payment ◽  
Fuzzy Inventory ◽  
Dependent Demand ◽  
Fuzzy Inventory Model

In this paper, a fuzzy inventory model is formulated for deteriorating items with price dependent demand under the consideration of permissible delay in payment. A two parameter Weibull distribution is taken to represent the time to deterioration. Shortages are allowed and completely backlogged. For Fuzzification of the model, the demand rate, holding cost, unit purchase cost, deterioration rate, ordering cost, shortage cost, interest earn and interest paid are assumed to be triangular fuzzy numbers. As a result, the profit function will be derived in fuzzy sense in order to obtain the optimal stock-in period, cycle length and the selling price. The graded mean integration method is used to defuzzify the profit function. Then, to test the validity of the model a numerical example is considered and solved. Finally, to study the effect of changes of different parameters on the optimal solution i.e. average profit, order quantity, stock-in period, cycle length and selling price, sensitivity analysis are performed.

Dynamic Pricing and Ordering Policy for Non-Instantaneous Deteriorating Items

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 6607-6615
Author(s):  
Reza Maihami ◽  
Isa Nakhai Kamal Abadi
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Simple Algorithm ◽  
Concave Function ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Ordering Policy ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Optimal Ordering Policy ◽  
Optimal Ordering

In this paper, dynamic pricing and ordering policy for non-instantaneous deteriorating items is developed. Shortage is allowed and partially backlogged where as the backlogging rate is variable and dependent on the waiting time for the next replenishment. The major objective is to determine the optimal selling price and the optimal ordering policy simultaneously such that, the total profit is maximized. We first show that for any given selling price, optimal ordering policy schedule exists and unique. Then, we show that the total profit is a concave function of price. Next, we present a simple algorithm to find the optimal solution. Finally, we solve a numerical example to illustrate the solution procedure and the algorithm.

scholarly journals Optimal pricing, ordering, and credit period policies for deteriorating products under order-linked trade credit

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Yu-Chung Tsao ◽  
Hanifa-Astofa Fauziah ◽  
Thuy-Linh Vu ◽  
Nur-Aini Masrurohand
Keyword(s):  
Default Risk ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Trade Credit ◽  
Solution Procedure ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Credit Period ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
Dependent Demand

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>In the modern global economy, trade credit financing is typical in business transactions for both sellers and buyers. The seller offers a credit period to attract new buyers or stimulate demand, and the buyer takes the opportunity to accumulate revenue. To obtain this benefit, the seller prefers trade credit policies that are dependent on the quantity ordered, referred to as order-linked trade credit. The buyer can obtain the benefits from a fully delayed payment if their order is sufficiently large. Similarly, the seller can sell many products while granting a credit period. Otherwise, the buyer receives only partial trade credit, and the seller can take the opportunity of both cash and credit payments. In this study, an economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory model for deteriorating products, under default risk control-based trade credit, is formulated using a discounted cash flow approach. The seller offers to the buyer order-linked trade credit with price-and credit-period-dependent demand. The optimal selling price, credit period policies, and replenishment cycle time are determined simultaneously, while maximizing the present value of the seller's total profit. Moreover, this research provides numerical examples and sensitivity analysis to illustrate the theoretical results, solution procedure, and gain managerial insights. <b>200</b> words.</p>

scholarly journals Inventory models with stock- and price-dependent demand for deteriorating items based on limited shelf space

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Tao Chang ◽  
Yi-Ju Chen ◽  
Tzong-Ru Tsai ◽  
Wu Shuo-Jye
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
Shelf Space ◽  
Stock Level ◽  
Eoq Model ◽  
Eoq Models ◽  
Demand Rate ◽  
Dependent Demand

This paper deals with the problem of determining the optimal selling price and order quantity simultaneously under EOQ model for deteriorating items. It is assumed that the demand rate depends not only on the on-display stock level but also the selling price per unit, as well as the amount of shelf/display space is limited. We formulate two types of mathematical models to manifest the extended EOQ models for maximizing profits and derive the algorithms to find the optimal solution. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the models developed and sensitivity analysis is reported.

scholarly journals An EOQ Model of Selling-Price-Dependent Demand for Non-Instantaneous Deteriorating Items during the Pandemic COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanta Kumar INDRAJITSINGHA ◽  
Padmini RAULA ◽  
Padmanava SAMANTA ◽  
Umakanta MISRA ◽  
Lakshmi Kanta RAJU
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Solution Procedure ◽  
Inventory Model ◽  
Deteriorating Items ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Eoq Model ◽  
Optimal Ordering ◽  
Dependent Demand

A pricing factor plays a dominant role in consumer behavior in most countries affected by the COVID19 pandemic. People have lost their job while others renegotiated for low-paying jobs during this pandemic. Thus, this article aims to develop a viable model to consider various aspects of the COVID19 pandemic. Here, we develop an optimal ordering quantity inventory model of deteriorating items, which are still in demand depending upon the selling price of the product. The items are assumed to be non-instantaneous deteriorating. The shortage is allowed in lead time and is partially backlogged. A solution procedure is presented to determine an optimal cycle, order quantity, and total average cost. A realistic numerical example is given to validate the proposed model by changing different systems of parameters, where sensitivity analysis has been carried out. The effectiveness of the system has been observed through graphical representation. HIGHLIGHTS The study considers the inventory model for non-instantaneous deteriorating items. Selling price dependent demand is incorporated. The shortage is allowed in lead time and is partially backlogged. Theoretical results have been formed to characterize the optimal solutions. The effect of key parameters is studies rigorously. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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