scholarly journals Seasonal Colonization of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in the Roots of Camellia sinensis (Tea) in Different Tea Gardens of India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitra Sharma ◽  
Rajan K. Gupta ◽  
Rakesh K. Pathak ◽  
Kaushal K. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
P Content ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Properties Of Soil

Study describes Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi colonization within the roots of cultivated tea plants (Camellia sinensis) at four sites, that is, Goodrich, Archadia, IIP, and Vasant Vihar of Doon Valley, Dehradun, India, from April, 2008, to March, 2009. Microscopic study of sterilized and stained root segments showed presence of four species namely Glomus fasciculatum, G. mosseae, Gigaspora margarita, and Acaulospora scrobiculata belonging to three genera of mycorrhizal fungi. Maximum AM colonization was observed during April–September and minimum was observed for December-January months of the year. Comparative study of AM fungi colonization at four sites during rainy season showed maximum colonization (100%) at Archadia site having soil with high organic matter, less acidity, and low phosphorus (P) whereas minimum (64.59%) at IIP with low organic matter, more acidity, and high P content. However, no variation in nitrogen content was observed at all four sites. Study suggested a positive relation of percentage root colonization with soil organic matter and negative relation with acidity and P content of soil. Study concludes that the percentage AM colonization is the function of seasonal variation in physicochemical properties of soil and presence of AM inoculums in the soil at a particular time.

scholarly journals Glomalin – an interesting protein part of the soil organic matter

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vítězslav Vlček ◽  
Miroslav Pohanka
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Citrate Buffer

The negative effects of the current agricultural practices include erosion, acidification, loss of soil organic matter (dehumification), loss of soil structure, soil contamination by risky elements, reduction of biological diversity and land use for non-agricultural purposes. All these effects are a huge risk to the further development of soil quality from an agronomic point of view and its resilience to projected climate change. Organic matter has a crucial role in it. Relatively significant correlations with the quality or the health of soil parameters and the soil organic matter or some fraction of the soil organic matter have been found. In particular, Ctot, Cox, humic and fulvic acids, the C/N ratio, and glomalin. Our work was focused on glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which we classify as Glomeromycota. Arbuscular mycorrhiza, and its molecular pathways, is not a well understood phenomenon. It appears that many proteins are involved in the arbuscular mycorrhiza from which glomalin is probably one of the most significant. This protein is also responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of soils and has an ecological and economical relevance in this sense and it is a real product of the mycorrhiza. Glomalin is very resistant to destruction (recalcitrant) and difficult to dissolve in water. Its extraction requires specific conditions: high temperature (121°C) and a citrate buffer with a neutral or alkaline pH. Due to these properties, glomalin (or its fractions) are very stable compounds that protect the soil aggregate surface. In this review, the actual literature has been researched and the importance of glomalin is discussed.  

scholarly journals Carbon investment into mobilization of mineral and organic phosphorus by arbuscular mycorrhiza

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Alberto Andrino ◽  
Georg Guggenberger ◽  
Leopold Sauheitl ◽  
Stefan Burkart ◽  
Jens Boy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Organic C ◽  
P Deficiency

AbstractTo overcome phosphorus (P) deficiency, about 80% of plant species establish symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which in return constitute a major sink of photosynthates. Information on whether plant carbon (C) allocation towards AMF increases with declining availability of the P source is limited. We offered orthophosphate (OP), apatite (AP), or phytic acid (PA) as the only P source available to arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (Solanum lycopersicum x Rhizophagus irregularis) in a mesocosm experiment, where the fungi had exclusive access to each P source. After exposure, we determined P contents in the plant, related these to the overall C budget of the system, including the organic C (OC) contents, the respired CO2, the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) 16:1ω5c (extraradical mycelium), and the neutral fatty acid (NLFA) 16:1ω5c (energy storage) at the fungal compartment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants incorporated P derived from the three P sources through the mycorrhizal pathway, but did this with differing C-P trading costs. The mobilization of PA and AP by the AM plant entailed larger mycelium infrastructure and significantly larger respiratory losses of CO2, in comparison with the utilization of the readily soluble OP. Our study thus suggests that AM plants invest larger C amounts into their fungal partners at lower P availability. This larger C flux to the AM fungi might also lead to larger soil organic C contents, in the course of forming larger AM biomass under P-limiting conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Residues on AM Fungi

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Shrestha Vaidya ◽  
K Shrestha ◽  
H Wallander
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Eupatorium Adenophorum ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mesh Bags

In this study we have investigated the effect of organic matter on growth of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in eroded slopes in Nepal such as Forest in Kavre District. Different types of organic matter (leaves of Thitonia diversifolia, Eupatorium adenophorum, Lantana camara, farm compost) and tri-superphosphate were mixed with eroded soil. The mesh bags were buried around trees of eroded site. The mesh bags were harvested after 6 months and the AM fungi in the mesh bags was quantified by analysing the AM spores. Key words: Organic matters; Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Fertilizers and forest. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2640 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 85-88

scholarly journals Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Keymer ◽  
Priya Pimprikar ◽  
Vera Wewer ◽  
Claudia Huber ◽  
Mathias Brands ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Lipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Lipid Transfer ◽  
Carbon Cycles ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Biotrophic Fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses contribute to global carbon cycles as plant hosts divert up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi. Previous studies suggested carbohydrates as the only form of carbon transferred to the fungi. However, de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been observed in AM fungi in absence of the plant. In a forward genetic approach, we identified two Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM-specific paralogs of lipid biosynthesis genes (KASI and GPAT6). These mutants perturb fungal development and accumulation of emblematic fungal 16:1ω5 FAs. Using isotopolog profiling we demonstrate that 13C patterns of fungal FAs recapitulate those of wild-type hosts, indicating cross-kingdom lipid transfer from plants to fungi. This transfer of labelled FAs was not observed for the AM-specific lipid biosynthesis mutants. Thus, growth and development of beneficial AM fungi is not only fueled by sugars but depends on lipid transfer from plant hosts.

scholarly journals Differences in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi among Three Coffee Cultivars in Puerto Rico

ISRN Agronomy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligia Lebrón ◽  
D. Jean Lodge ◽  
Paul Bayman
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Spore Density ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Hyphal Length ◽  
P Content ◽  
Mycorrhizal Interactions

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is important for growth of coffee (Coffea arabica), but differences among coffee cultivars in response to mycorrhizal interactions have not been studied. We compared arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) extraradical hyphae in the soil and diversity of AM fungi among three coffee cultivars, Caturra, Pacas, and Borbón, at three farms in Puerto Rico. Caturra had significantly lower total extraradical AM hyphal length than Pacas and Borbón at all locations. P content did not differ among cultivars. Extraradical hyphal lengths differed significantly among locations. Although the same morphotypes of mycorrhizal fungal spores were present in the rhizosphere of the three cultivars and total spore density did not differ significantly, frequencies of spore morphotypes differed significantly among cultivars. Spore morphotypes were typical of Glomus and Sclerocystis. Levels of soil nutrients did not explain differences in AM colonzation among cultivars. The cultivar Caturra is a mutant of Borbón and has apparently lost Borbón’s capacity to support and benefit from an extensive network of AM hyphae in the soil. Widespread planting of Caturra, which matures earlier and has higher yield if fertilized, may increase dependence on fertilizers.

Gene effects and mean performance of nitrogen and phosphorus use in wheat after inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum under low input conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
R. Singh ◽  
R. Behl ◽  
P. Jain ◽  
K. Singh ◽  
N. Narula
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Azotobacter Chroococcum ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Input Field ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
P Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross

The present investigation was conducted to study the impact of bio-inoculants under low input field conditions on the magnitude and direction of gene effects and the mean performance of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use in wheat. Three wheat cultivars suitable for different agro-ecological conditions, i.e. WH 147 (low mineral input), WH 533 (water deficit), Raj 3077 (high mineral input), and six generations (P 1 , P 2 , F 1 , F 2 , BC 1 and BC 2 ) of three crosses, namely WH 147 × WH 533, WH 533 × Raj 3077 and WH 147 × Raj 3077, were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications under low input field conditions (80 kg N + 40 kg P + 18 kg ZnSO 4 doses applied in each treatment) with three treatments, i.e. control, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF, Glomus fasciculatum ) and dual inoculation with AMF and Azotobacter chroococcum ( Azc ). Bioinoculation with AMF and AMF+ Azc had a positive impact on the mean performance of all the wheat crosses. The mean performance of AMF was maximum in the cross WH 147 × WH 533 for N and P response (%), N and P use index (%) and P content (ppm), whereas for N and P uptake it was maximum in the cross WH 147 × Raj 3077. The response and use index for N and P were better in the combined AMF+ Azc treatment in all three crosses. The adequacy of the additive-dominance model for the phosphorus uptake (mg/plant) by all three crosses in all three treatments (i.e. control, AMF, AMF+ Azc ) suggested that additive (d) and dominance (h) gene effects mainly governed the inheritance of this trait. In all cases, digenic interactions were present, where the duplicate type of epistasis prevailed except for the P content in the control in the cross WH 147 × WH 533, where the complementary type of interaction was present. Pedigree selection in crosses WH 147 × WH 533 and WH 147 × Raj 3077 could be effective for breeding pure lines of wheat for sustainable agriculture (low input genotypes responsive to biofertilizers such as AMF and Azotobacter ).

scholarly journals Growth of typha grass (Typha angustifolia) on gold-mine tailings with application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
LULUK SETYANINGSIH ◽  
ARUM SEKAR WULANDARI ◽  
HAMIM HAMIM
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mine Tailings ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Gold Mine ◽  
Typha Angustifolia ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
Gold Mine Tailings ◽  
Compost Soil

Setyaningsih L, Wulandari AS, Hamim H. 2018. Growth of typha grass (Typha angustifolia) on gold-mine tailings with application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. Biodiversitas 19: 454-459. Gold mine tailings contain extreme physical and chemical properties, which inhibit plant growth due to lower nutrition and higher heavy metal contaminants. Typha (Typha angustifolia) is type of grass growing well on waterlogged area including tailing dam. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in combination with compost and soil on the typha growth in gold mine tailings. The study was conducted in greenhouse by inoculating two AMF isolates (Glomus etunicatum and G. manihotis) to typha seedlings grown in pure tailing media, mixed tailing-compost media, and mixed tailing-compost-soil media. The compatibility and growth of typha grass were analysed after 1 month. Results showed that G. etunicatum and G. manihotis application significantly increased AMF colonization of typha roots up to 16.6% and 21.8% respectively. The length, number of leaves and biomass of typha also increased up to 90%, 50% and 97% respectively compared to those without AMF inoculation. G. etunicatum contributed the best growth of typha grown in mixed compost-soil-tailings, resulting in double increase of its length and biomass. The application of G. manihotis did not significantly increase the growth of typha in mixed media; however, under pure tailing, this mycorrhiza had the best induction for typha biomass and leaf number. In general, AMF application increased growth of typha grass in tailings media.

scholarly journals Growth and quality parameters of Tea (Camellia sinensis) mediated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-239
Author(s):  
Animesh Sarkar ◽  
Md. Musfiqur Rahman ◽  
Jayanto Kumar Sarkar ◽  
Md H. Rashid ◽  
Md. Musfiqur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Camellia Sinensis ◽  
Natural Condition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Tea Plants ◽  
Amf Inoculation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation not only increases the growth but also improves the quality of many commercial plants.  Tea (Camellia sinensis) plants were grown on different growth medium (with and without AMF inoculation) and the chemical properties of the leaves were assayed and compared. The growth media were sterilized soil with AMF, sterilized soil, natural soil inoculated with AMF, natural soil, and natural soil in natural condition with AMF. The highest root colonization (23 %) was found in tea plants grown on natural soil with AMF, whereas no colonization was found in the sterilized soil treatment. The highest level of leaf chlorophyll-a (2.74±0.06 μg.mL-1), chlorophyll-b (1.77±0.03 μg.mL-1) and carotenoid (0.35±0.01 μg.mL-1) contents were found in tea plants grown on natural soil under natural condition with AMF. The highest polyphenol concentration (64.46 mg.L-1) was found in natural soil inoculated with AMF whereas the lowest (38.09 mg.L-1) was recorded in sterilized soil. The highest contents of tannin (30.34 mg.mL-1) and reducing sugar (46.61 mg.L-1) were recorded in plants grown on natural soil under natural condition with AMF and the lowest values (21.22 mg.mL-1, 33.16 mg.L-1, respectively) in sterilized soil treatment. Though antioxidant properties (% scavenging effect) did not differed due to treatments, the highest IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) concentration (3.16 μg.mL-1) was recorded in tea plants grown on natural soil under natural condition with AMF. The study concludes that AMF inoculation improves the quality of tea leaves.

scholarly journals Improvement yield of sweet corn (Zea mays Saccharata (Sturt.) bailey using arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and cow manure fertilizer (CMF) on ultisol

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 304-308
Author(s):  
Halim ◽  
Laode Sabaruddin ◽  
La Ode Santiadji Bande ◽  
Yulius Bara Pasolon ◽  
Fransiscus Suramas Rembon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi ◽  
Four Levels

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and cow manure to yield of sweet corn on Ultisol. This research was conducted using a randomized block design (RCBD) in a factorial pattern. The first factor is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) which consists of four levels, namely without AMF (A0), AMF 5 g/planting hole (A1), AMF 10 g/planting hole (A2), AMF 15 g/planting hole (A3). The second factor is cow manure fertilizer (CMF) consisting of three levels, namely without CMF (B0), CMF 5 tons ha-1 (B1), CMF 10 tons ha-1 (B2). The treatment applied consisted of 12 treatment combinations which were repeated in 3 replications, so that there were 36 experimental units. The observed variables were: weight of cob with cob, weight of cob without cob, cob length, ear diameter, number of rows of seeds and crop production (ton ha-1). The results showed that the highest average weight cob with husk was obtained in a combination treatment of AMF 10 g/planting hole and without CMF (A2B0) as 289.2 g. The highest average corn crop productivity was obtained in the combination of treatment without AMF and CMF 5 tons ha-1 (A0B1) as 8.52 tons ha-1.

scholarly journals Function of organic matter (green manure) and the effect on soil properties

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Geeta Shrestha Vaidya ◽  
K Shrestha ◽  
H Wallander
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Lantana Camara ◽  
Eupatorium Adenophorum ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Trees and shrubs on the lower hillsides in Nepal form symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and these fungi are important for the uptake of mineral nutrients from the soil and the mycelia formed by the fungi have an important function in stabilizing the soil (Wright and Upadhyaya 1998, Shrestha 1999 and Shrestha Vaidya et.al 2005a). The success of plantations of these eroded slopes is therefore highly dependent on the extent of mycorrhizal colonization of the plants. In this study we have investigated the role organic matter on growth of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in eroded slopes in Nepal such as Chalnakhel, Kathmandu District. Different types of organic matter (leaves of Thitonia diversifolia, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camara) were collected and were shade dried and finally powedered. Nutrient analysis was done of these organic matter and soil of experimental site before plantation and after harvest. Lantana camara was taken for plantation on their nutrient content basis. 100 nursery plants Leuceania diversifolia plantation were done in Chalnakhel . Among these 50 plants with Lantana camara and 50 plants were for control. We investigated the influence of organic matter or P amendments on production of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in eroded slopes in Nepal. Organic matter addition enhanced the production of AM fungal biomass as well as number of AM spores. We suggest that the positive influence of such organic matter additions can make an important contribution to plant survival in plantations of eroded slopes in Nepal, and thus to restoration success. Key Words : Organic matters (Lantana camara), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Leuceania diversifolia and Chalnakhel. doi: 10.3126/banko.v17i2.2157 Banko Janakari, Vol. 17, No. 2, 62-69

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