scholarly journals Systemic Treatments for Noninfectious Vitreous Inflammation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Jiang ◽  
Jillian Wang ◽  
Malav Joshi ◽  
John Byron Christoforidis
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biologic Agents ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systemic Treatments ◽  
Autoimmune Processes

Vitreous inflammation, or vitritis, may result from many causes, including both infectious and noninfectious, including rheumatologic and autoimmune processes. Vitritis is commonly vision threatening and has serious sequelae. Treatment is frequently challenging, but, today, there are multiple methods of systemic treatment for vitritis. These categories include corticosteroids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, T-cell inhibitors/calcineurin inhibitors, and biologic agents. These treatment categories were reviewed last year, but, even over the course of just a year, many therapies have made progress, as we have learned more about their indications and efficacy. We discuss here discoveries made over the past year on both existing and new drugs, as well as reviewing mechanisms of action, clinical dosages, specific conditions that are treated, adverse effects, and usual course of treatment for each class of therapy.

scholarly journals Systemic Treatment of Vitreous Inflammation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Christoforidis ◽  
Susie Chang ◽  
Angela Jiang ◽  
Jillian Wang ◽  
Colleen M. Cebulla
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Systemic Therapy ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Alkylating Agents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biologic Agents ◽  
Life Threatening

Non infectious vitreous inflammation is often vision threatening and can be associated with potentially life-threatening systemic conditions. Treatment is often challenging as it involves systemic medications that can be associated with adverse effects. The classes of drugs are ever expanding and include corticosteroids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, T-cell and calcineurin agents, biologic agents, and interferons. Each class of systemic therapy for non-infectious vitreous inflammation is reviewed. We discuss the mechanisms of action, usual clinical dosages, the specific conditions that are treated, the adverse effects, and usual course of treatment for each class of therapy.

scholarly journals Alternative treatment of psoriasis - is rifampicin a mild immunosupressor? / Alternativna terapija psorijaze: da li rifampicin ima blago imunosupresivno dejstvo?

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
Ivan Grozev ◽  
Jana Kazandjeva ◽  
Nikolai Tsankov
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Systemic Therapy ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biologic Agents ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Ultraviolet A ◽  
Autoimmune Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Well Data

Abstract Psoriasis is a common T-cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease. Conventional systemic therapy includes: methotrexate, cyclosporine, retinoids and psoralen ultraviolet A, which are effective, but associated with toxicity and adverse effects which may limit their long-term use. Although effective as well, data on the long-term safety of newly introduced biologic agents are still not available. Herein, we present our clinical experience with rifampicin in the treatment of psoriasis, and review of literature regarding its potential mechanisms of action.

Modern pharmacological approaches to primary treatment nephrotic syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Ya. F. Zverev ◽  
A. Ya. Rykunova
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Mycophenolate Mofetil ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Pharmacological Activity ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Calcineurin Inhibitors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Immune Mechanism ◽  
Immune Mechanisms

The review is devoted to the consideration of the most common drugs currently used in the treatment of primary nephrotic syndrome. Mechanisms of pharmacological activity of glucocorticosteroids, ACTH, calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, alkylating compounds cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil, mycophenolate mofetil, levamisole, abatacept, rituximab and a number of other recently created monoclonal antibodies. An attempt is made to separate the immune and non-immune mechanisms of action of the most common drugs, concerning both the impact on the immunogenetics of the noted diseases and the direct impact on the podocytes that provide permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier and the development of proteinuria. It is shown that the immune mechanisms of corticosteroids are caused by interaction with glucocorticoid receptors of lymphocytes, and nonimmune – with stimulation of the same receptors in podocytes. It was found that the activation of adrenocorticotropic hormone melanocortin receptors contributes to the beneficial effect of the drug in nephrotic syndrome. It is discussed that the immune mechanism of calcineurin inhibitors is provided by the suppression of tissue and humoral immunity, and the non-immune mechanism is largely due to the preservation of the activity of podocyte proteins such as synaptopodin and cofilin. Evidence is presented to show that the beneficial effect of rituximab in glomerulopathies is related to the interaction of the drug with the protein SMPDL-3b in lymphocytes and podocytes. The mechanisms of action of mycophenolate mofetil, inhibiting the activity of the enzyme inosine 5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, which causes the suppression of the synthesis of guanosine nucleotides in both lymphocytes and glomerular mesangium cells, are considered. It is emphasized that the effect of levamisole in nephrotic syndrome is probably associated with the normalization of the ratio of cytokines produced by various T-helpers, as well as with an increase in the expression and activity of glucocorticoid receptors. The mechanisms of pharmacological activity of a number of monoclonal antibodies, as well as galactose, the beneficial effect of which may be provided by binding to the supposed permeability factor produced by lymphocytes, are considered.

Novel Drugs and Biologics of 2016: A Boom for Neurodrugs in the Pipelin

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3809-3814
Author(s):  
D Samba Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
High Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Drugs ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Cns Drugs ◽  
The U.S

This article provides a brief overview of novel drugs approved by the U.S. FDA in 2016.  It also focuses on the emerging boom in the development of neurodrugs for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. These new drugs are innovative products that often help advance clinical care worldwide, and in 2016, twenty-two such drugs were approved by the FDA. The list includes the first new drug for disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy or hallucinations and delusions of Parkinson’s disease, among several others. Notably, nine of twenty-two (40%) were novel CNS drugs, indicating the industry shifting to neurodrugs. Neurodrugs are the top selling pharmaceuticals worldwide, especially in America and Europe. Therapeutic neurodrugs have proven their significance many times in the past few decades, and the CNS drug portfolio represents some of the most valuable agents in the current pipeline. Many neuroproducts are vital or essential medicines in the current therapeutic armamentarium, including dozens of “blockbuster drugs” (drugs with $1 billion sales potential).  These drugs include antidepressants, antimigraine medications, and anti-epilepsy medications. The rise in neurodrugs’ sales is predominantly due to increased diagnoses of CNS conditions. The boom for neuromedicines is evident from the recent rise in investment, production, and introduction of new CNS drugs.  There are many promising neurodrugs still in the pipeline, which are developed based on the validated “mechanism-based” strategy. Overall, disease-modifying neurodrugs that can prevent or cure serious diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease, are in high demand. 

Current Studies of Aspirin as an Anticancer Agent and Strategies to Strengthen its Therapeutic Application in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong H.L. Tran ◽  
Beom-Jin Lee ◽  
Thao T.D. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agent ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Aspirin Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Risk Of Bleeding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

: Aspirin has emerged as a promising intervention in cancer in the past decade. However, there are existing controversies regarding the anticancer properties of aspirin as its mechanism of action has not been clearly defined. In addition, the risk of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract from aspirin is another consideration that requires medical and pharmaceutical scientists to work together to develop more potent and safe aspirin therapy in cancer. This review presents the most recent studies of aspirin with regard to its role in cancer prevention and treatment demonstrated by highlighted clinical trials, mechanisms of action as well as approaches to develop aspirin therapy best beneficial to cancer patients. Hence, this review provides readers with an overview of aspirin research in cancer that covers not only the unique features of aspirin, which differentiates aspirin from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but also strategies that can be used in the development of drug delivery systems carrying aspirin for cancer management. These studies convey optimistic messages on continuing efforts of scientist on the way of developing an effective therapy for even patients with a low response to current cancer treatments.

Antimicrobial Peptides and their Multiple Effects at Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1264-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Casciaro ◽  
Floriana Cappiello ◽  
Walter Verrusio ◽  
Mauro Cacciafesta ◽  
Maria Luisa Mangoni
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Pathogenicity ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics

The frequent occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains to conventional antimicrobials has led to a clear decline in antibiotic therapies. Therefore, new molecules with different mechanisms of action are extremely necessary. Due to their unique properties, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a valid alternative to conventional antibiotics and many of them have been characterized for their activity and cytotoxicity. However, the effects that these peptides cause at concentrations below the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) have yet to be fully analyzed along with the underlying molecular mechanism. In this mini-review, the ability of AMPs to synergize with different antibiotic classes or different natural compounds is examined. Furthermore, data on microbial resistance induction are reported to highlight the importance of antibiotic resistance in the fight against infections. Finally, the effects that sub-MIC levels of AMPs can have on the bacterial pathogenicity are summarized while showing how signaling pathways can be valid therapeutic targets for the treatment of infectious diseases. All these aspects support the high potential of AMPs as lead compounds for the development of new drugs with antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities.

scholarly journals Potential application of gold nanoparticles in food packaging: a mini review

Gold Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Paidari ◽  
Salam Adnan Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Industry Applications

AbstractIn the past few decades, there have been remarkable advances in our knowledge of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and synthesizing methods. AuNPs have become increasingly important in biomedical and industrial applications. As a newly implemented method, AuNPs are being used in nanopackaging industries for their therapeutic and antibacterial characteristics as well as their inert and nontoxic nature. As with other NPs, AuNPs have privileges and disadvantages when utilized in the food sector, yet a significant body of research has shown that, due to the specific nontoxic characteristics, AuNPs could be used to address other NP flaws. In this mini review, we present synthesizing methods, food industry applications, and mechanisms of action of gold nanoparticles. Regarding the investigations, gold nanoparticles can play a major role to reduce microbial load in foodstuff and therefore can be implemented in food packaging as an effective approach.

scholarly journals Challenges and Novel Opportunities of Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2141
Author(s):  
Paola Anna Jablonska ◽  
Joaquim Bosch-Barrera ◽  
Diego Serrano ◽  
Manuel Valiente ◽  
Alfonso Calvo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systemic Treatments ◽  
Systemic Therapies

Approximately 20% patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) present with CNS spread at the time of diagnosis and 25–50% are found to have brain metastases (BMs) during the course of the disease. The improvement in the diagnostic tools and screening, as well as the use of new systemic therapies have contributed to a more precise diagnosis and prolonged survival of lung cancer patients with more time for BMs development. In the past, most of the systemic therapies failed intracranially because of the inability to effectively cross the blood brain barrier. Some of the new targeted therapies, especially the group of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown durable CNS response. However, the use of ionizing radiation remains vital in the management of metastatic brain disease. Although a decrease in CNS-related deaths has been achieved over the past decade, many challenges arise from the need of multiple and repeated brain radiation treatments, which carry along not insignificant risks and toxicity. The combination of stereotactic radiotherapy and systemic treatments in terms of effectiveness and adverse effects, such as radionecrosis, remains a subject of ongoing investigation. This review discusses the challenges of the use of radiation therapy in NSCLC BMs in view of different systemic treatments such as chemotherapy, TKIs and immunotherapy. It also outlines the future perspectives and strategies for personalized BMs management.

scholarly journals Evolution of Cancer Vaccines—Challenges, Achievements and Future Directions

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 535
Author(s):  
Ban Qi Tay ◽  
Quentin Wright ◽  
Rahul Ladwa ◽  
Christopher Perry ◽  
Graham Leggatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Tumour Antigens ◽  
Target Characteristics ◽  
Toxic Responses ◽  
Shed Light

The development of cancer vaccines has been intensively pursued over the past 50 years with modest success. However, recent advancements in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunology have renewed interest in these immunotherapies and allowed the development of promising cancer vaccine candidates. Numerous clinical trials testing the response evoked by tumour antigens, differing in origin and nature, have shed light on the desirable target characteristics capable of inducing strong tumour-specific non-toxic responses with increased potential to bring clinical benefit to patients. Novel delivery methods, ranging from a patient’s autologous dendritic cells to liposome nanoparticles, have exponentially increased the abundance and exposure of the antigenic payloads. Furthermore, growing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumours evade the immune response has led to new approaches to reverse these roadblocks and to re-invigorate previously suppressed anti-tumour surveillance. The use of new drugs in combination with antigen-based therapies is highly targeted and may represent the future of cancer vaccines. In this review, we address the main antigens and delivery methods used to develop cancer vaccines, their clinical outcomes, and the new directions that the vaccine immunotherapy field is taking.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document