scholarly journals Behavioral Responses of the SnailLymnaea acuminatatowards Photo and Chemo Attractants: A New Step in Control Program of Fasciolosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Pati Tripathi ◽  
V. K. Singh ◽  
D. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Light Control ◽  
Maximum Change ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The Brain

Fasciolosis is water and food borne disease, caused byFasciola hepaticaandF. gigantica. SnailLymnaea acuminatais an intermediate host of these flukes. Snail control is one of the major methods to reduce the incidences of fasciolosis. Trapping of snails with the help of photo- and chemoattractants for treatment purposes will be a new tool in control program of fasciolosis. The present study shows that maximum numbers of snails were attracted (52 to 60%), when exposed to photo- and chemostimulant simultaneously, rather than when only chemo- (control) (18 to 24%) or photo- (control) (14 to 19%) stimulus was given. Maximum change in AChE activity in nervous tissue was observed when red monochromatic light was used (258.37% of white light control) as opposed to blue (243.44% of white light control) and orange (230.37% of white light control). The exposure of light directly stimulated the photoreceptors in eye which transmit the signals through nerves to the brain and snail response accordingly. In this signal transmission AChE is one of the important enzymes involved in this process.

Chronic stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
A. V. DUBOVAYA ◽  
◽  
S. Ya. IAROSHENKO ◽  
O. A. PRILUTSKAYA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Transmission Information ◽  
Class Representative

The article discusses the influence of stress on the development of nervous tissue, in particular, on the synthesis of neurotrophins (by the example of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as the most studied class representative). The biological functions of BDNF are discussed as well as its influence on neuroplasticity and the mechanisms by which the protection of neurons is carried out. The article covers the relationship of the stress-implementing system (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis) and its main active agent (cortisol) with the BDNF synthesis system at its various levels: from the inhibition of mRNA formation to the mechanisms of postsynaptic signal transmission. Information is also provided on changes of BDNF levels due to the maternal deprivation. Epigenetic changes under the influence of glucocorticoids are also reported. However, it is not only glucocorticoids that alter the functioning of the neurotrophin system. The article provides examples of the reverse effect, enabling to consider neurotrophins as a substance with an anti-stress function. In conclusion, the authors give examples of activities that, according to research, can stimulate the synthesis of neurotrophic factor in the brain.

scholarly journals Proteome-Wide Mapping and Reverse Vaccinology Approaches to Design a Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Clostridium perfringens

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1079
Author(s):  
Fahad M. Aldakheel ◽  
Amna Abrar ◽  
Samman Munir ◽  
Sehar Aslam ◽  
Khaled S. Allemailem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Epitope Vaccine ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Medical Control ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
The Brain

C. perfringens is a highly versatile bacteria of livestock and humans, causing enteritis (a common food-borne illness in humans), enterotoxaemia (in which toxins are formed in the intestine which damage and destroy organs, i.e., the brain), and gangrene (wound infection). There is no particular cure for the toxins of C. perfringens. Supportive care (medical control of pain, intravenous fluids) is the standard treatment. Therefore, a multiple-epitope vaccine (MEV) should be designed to battle against C. perfringens infection. Furthermore, the main objective of this in silico investigation is to design an MEV that targets C. perfringens. For this purpose, we selected the top three proteins that were highly antigenic using immuno-informatics approaches, including molecular docking. B-cells, IFN-gamma, and T cells for target proteins were predicted and the most conserved epitopes were selected for further investigation. For the development of the final MEV, epitopes of LBL5, CTL17, and HTL13 were linked to GPGPG, AAY, and KK linkers. The vaccine N-end was joined to an adjuvant through an EAAK linker to improve immunogenicity. After the attachment of linkers and adjuvants, the final construct was 415 amino acids. B-cell and IFN-gamma epitopes demonstrate that the model structure is enhanced for humoral and cellular immune responses. To validate the immunogenicity and safety of the final construct, various physicochemical properties, and other properties such as antigenicity and non-allergens, were evaluated. Furthermore, molecular docking was carried out for verification of vaccine compatibility with the receptor, evaluated in silico. Also, in silico cloning was employed for the verification of the proper expression and credibility of the construct.

scholarly journals Spectral Tuning of White Light Allows for Strong Reduction in Melatonin Suppression without Changing Illumination Level or Color Temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan L. Souman ◽  
Tobias Borra ◽  
Iris de Goijer ◽  
Luc J. M. Schlangen ◽  
Björn N. S. Vlaskamp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
High Power ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Color Temperature ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Melatonin Suppression ◽  
Dim Light ◽  
Melatonin Production

Studies with monochromatic light stimuli have shown that the action spectrum for melatonin suppression exhibits its highest sensitivity at short wavelengths, around 460 to 480 nm. Other studies have demonstrated that filtering out the short wavelengths from white light reduces melatonin suppression. However, this filtering of short wavelengths was generally confounded with reduced light intensity and/or changes in color temperature. Moreover, it changed the appearance from white light to yellow/orange, rendering it unusable for many practical applications. Here, we show that selectively tuning a polychromatic white light spectrum, compensating for the reduction in spectral power between 450 and 500 nm by enhancing power at even shorter wavelengths, can produce greatly different effects on melatonin production, without changes in illuminance or color temperature. On different evenings, 15 participants were exposed to 3 h of white light with either low or high power between 450 and 500 nm, and the effects on salivary melatonin levels and alertness were compared with those during a dim light baseline. Exposure to the spectrum with low power between 450 and 500 nm, but high power at even shorter wavelengths, did not suppress melatonin compared with dim light, despite a large difference in illuminance (175 vs. <5 lux). In contrast, exposure to the spectrum with high power between 450 and 500 nm (also 175 lux) resulted in almost 50% melatonin suppression. For alertness, no significant differences between the 3 conditions were observed. These results open up new opportunities for lighting applications that allow for the use of electrical lighting without disturbance of melatonin production.

119 Visualization of Vascular Structures of the Brain Through a Novel Multispectral Fluorescence Microscope After Intravenous Application of ICG

Neurosurgery ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (CN_suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 226-226
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Athanasopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
White Light ◽  
Surgical Microscope ◽  
Light Image ◽  
Fluorescent Image ◽  
Surgical Clip ◽  
Vascular Structures ◽  
The Brain

Abstract INTRODUCTION Vascular structures are intraoperatively visualized through the eye-piece of a surgical microscope. The blood flow within the blood vessels can be demonstrated via indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence. In this study we wanted to find out whether the development of a novel fluorescent surgical microscope, overlapping a multispectral fluorescent image on a white light image, is superior, equal or inferior, compared to the previous models. Moreover, it shall be proved, whether multispectral fluorescence enhances surgeon's orientation through the precise and clearer visualization of blood vessels and the blood flow. METHODS A total of 8 porcine animal models were used. After fixation of the animal's head the parietal cortex and the cortical blood vessels were exposed. A digital imaging of the arterial perfusion, capillary transition and venous drainage after intravenous injection of ICG (5 ml; 5 mg/ml) was then performed. The blood flow was artificially blocked by a surgical clip. After repetitive intravenous injection of ICG and visualisation with multispectral view, the surgical clip was removed and the reperfusion of the brain tissue was visualized with the real time ICG perfusion. RESULTS >The visualization of the anatomical structures of the surgical field under white light as well as the image overlapping were easily performed. The occlusion of blood vessels with surgical clips demonstrate a blockage of the ICG perfusion on the multispectral fluorescent image. The ICG perfusion was again demonstrated after removing the surgical clip and reperfusion of the blood vessel. CONCLUSION Multispectral fluorescence was shown to be superior to the classic ICG fluorescence. With the development of a novel multispectral surgical microscope, which overlaps a fluorescent image on a white light image, the data delivered to the surgeon are enhanced, compared to the previous models. Moreover, the surgeons's orientation is improved thanks to the clear visualization of blood vessels and the blood flow.

Difficulties with synaptic theory of learning and memory and possible remedies

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 550-551
Author(s):  
Mikhail N. Zhadin
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Hebbian Learning ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
The Brain

The absence of a clear influence of an animal's behavioral responses to Hebbian associative learning in the cerebral cortex requires some changes in the Hebbian learning rules. The participation of the brain monoaminergic systems in Hebbian associative learning is considered.

Physical and Mathematical Considerations About Laser Perimetry

1974 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
pp. 349-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Favella ◽  
L. Liuzzi ◽  
F. Bartoli
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Neon Laser ◽  
Helium Neon Laser ◽  
Helium Neon ◽  
Mathematical Characteristics

The physical and mathematical characteristics of white light, monochromatic light, and laser light, are discussed with reference to the advantages offered by perimetry using a red helium-neon laser.

scholarly journals Progress in the Measurement of Solar Magnetic Fields

1993 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoxiang Ai
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
White Light ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Solar Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Physics ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
Solar Magnetic Fields ◽  
Optical Instruments

AbstractThe historical development of optical instruments for solar physics is outlined, from white light to unpolarized and polarized monochromatic light, to Stokes profiles and simultaneous fields of view, from points to lines, plane to cube. An evolutionary series and classificaton of instruments for the solar magnetic field is described. As a next step the 2-D real time polarizing spectrograph has been proposed. The planned instruments in China for measurements of solar magnetic and velocity fields are briefly introduced.

scholarly journals White matter disconnection is related to age-related phonological deficits

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1555-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara B. W. Troutman ◽  
Michele T. Diaz
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Cognitive Differences ◽  
Age Related ◽  
White Matter Connectivity ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Transmission Failures ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Older adults have more language production difficulties than younger adults but display largely comparable language comprehension abilities. The Transmission Deficit Hypothesis suggests that production difficulties stem from an age-related increase in phonological signal transmission failures, while the semantic system, being more redundant than the phonological system, allows comprehension to be relatively preserved despite signal failures. Though the neural instantiation of the Transmission Deficit Hypothesis remains an open question, white matter represents one important factor to investigate. Metrics indicative of white matter connectivity across the brain, namely, Radial Diffusivity (RD) and Fractional Anisotropy (FA) have also been linked to age-related cognitive differences including naming difficulties. Using a Picture-Word Interference (PWI) task with 18 younger and 19 older healthy adults, we found that, across ages, better picture naming in the presence of phonological distractors was associated with lower RD across dorsal (r = −.35, p = .03), ventral (r = −.34, p = .04), and fronto-striatal (r = −.33, p = .04) tracts, and higher FA along dorsal tracts (r = .43, p = .008). The pattern of lower RD and higher FA, which is thought to reflect better white matter structure, points to the dorsal stream tracts as critical for performance on the PWI task. Moreover, the effects of RD and FA on performance were attenuated by the effect of age, reflecting the shared variance between age and white matter as it relates to language production ability.

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo trematode models for chemotherapeutic studies

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. KEISER
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fluke ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Current State ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Discovery Pipeline

SUMMARYSchistosomiasis and food-borne trematodiases are chronic parasitic diseases affecting millions of people mostly in the developing world. Additional drugs should be developed as only few drugs are available for treatment and drug resistance might emerge. In vitro and in vivo whole parasite screens represent essential components of the trematodicidal drug discovery cascade. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of in vitro and in vivo screening systems of the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and the intestinal fluke Echinostoma caproni. Examples of in vitro and in vivo evaluation of compounds for activity are presented. To boost the discovery pipeline for these diseases there is a need to develop validated, robust high-throughput in vitro systems with simple readouts.

scholarly journals On the luminosity curves of persons having normal and abnormal colour vision

1913 ◽  
Vol 88 (604) ◽  
pp. 404-428 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
White Patch ◽  
The Press ◽  
Colour Sense ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Pass Through

1. When reading a recent paper before the Royal Society, and also in the Press, Dr. Edridge Green has stated that he can find no connection between the luminosity and the colour sense of persons having either normal or abnormal colour sensations. Since I feel that to allow such a statement to go unchallenged might be interpreted as meaning that no such connection could be shown to exist, I propose in the following paper to place before the Society some of the evidence which indicated that there is in reality a very intimate relation between luminosity and colour sense. The results given include a small part of those which have been obtained in a series of experiments which have occupied the last two years and form part of investigation which is still in progress. The term “luminosity” as used in this paper has the following meaning: Suppose that light from some source, such as the electric arc, is admitted to a spectroscope by means of which a real pure spectrum is produced, and that a slide in the plane in which the spectrum is formed carries a slit of fixed width. Light of sensibly one wave-length, i. e. monochromatic light, will pass through this slit, and by means of a lens placed in the beam of this light an image of the first face of the prism which is used to from the spectrum can be formed on a screen. In this way a monochromatic patch of light is obtained, the brightness of which depends on the nature of the source of light, the width of the collimator slit, the width of the slit placed in the spectrum, which for short will be called the movable slit, and the dimensions of the lenses employed. Further, if alongside this coloured patch is formed a white patch of light produced by light which proceeds from the same source but has not undergone dispersion, and that by some means or other the intensity of this white light is altered till the coloured and white light, measured in any arbitrary units, measure the luminosity of the light of that colour which is passing through the movable slit. Since the unit in which the white light is measured is arbitrary, we are not concerned with the absolute intensity of illumination of the white patch, and may use any device we like to alter the quantity of white light which falls on the screen so long as we are able to measure the ratio of the quantity of light employed in different experiments. It will further be observed that for any given person the measurement of the luminosity of a given coloured light in the spectrum involves the comparsion of the brightness of the coloured patch as it appears to him with the brightness of the white patch as it appears to him.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document