scholarly journals Cognitive Performance in Men and Women Infected with HIV-1

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Faílde Garrido ◽  
María Lameiras Fernández ◽  
Marika Foltz ◽  
Yolanda Rodríguez Castro ◽  
María Victoria Carrera Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Abstract Reasoning ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
Hiv 1

Introduction. Very few studies have examined the neuropsychological performance of HIV-positive women, and even fewer have attempted a comparison of cognitive functioning by gender. The aim of this study was to describe the nature of the neuropsychological performance of HIV seropositive patients by gender.Methods. A clinical sample made up of 151 subjects was recruited to participate in this study. All of the subjects underwent the same assessment process, consisting of a neuropsychological evaluation and an interview to gather sociodemographic, toxicological, and clinical data.Results and Discussion. Despite the fact that men obtained higher scores in visual memory, attention/psychomotor speed, and abstract reasoning/verbal intelligence, these differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, significant differences were found depending on subjects’ serological status. Seropositive participants’ neuropsychological performance was significantly lower than that of the seronegative participants in all of the areas assessed as follows: (1) visual memory; (2) attention/psychomotor speed; (3) abstract reasoning/verbal intelligence; (4) verbal memory for texts; (5) verbal memory for digits and words.Conclusions. The results from this study reveal no significant gender differences in the cognitive performance of patients infected with HIV-1.

scholarly journals Flipping the Script: Measuring Both Performance Validity and Cognitive Ability with the Forced Choice Recognition Trial of the RCFT

2021 ◽  
pp. 003151252110197
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn Abeare ◽  
Kristoffer Romero ◽  
Laura Cutler ◽  
Christina D. Sirianni ◽  
Laszlo A. Erdodi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Performance Validity ◽  
Two Samples

In this study we attempted to replicate the classification accuracy of the newly introduced Forced Choice Recognition trial (FCR) of the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) in a clinical sample. We administered the RCFT FCR and the earlier Yes/No Recognition trial from the RCFT to 52 clinically referred patients as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and incentivized a separate control group of 83 university students to perform well on these measures. We then computed the classification accuracies of both measures against criterion performance validity tests (PVTs) and compared results between the two samples. At previously published validity cutoffs (≤16 & ≤17), the RCFT FCR remained specific (.84–1.00) to psychometrically defined non-credible responding. Simultaneously, the RCFT FCR was more sensitive to examinees’ natural variability in visual-perceptual and verbal memory skills than the Yes/No Recognition trial. Even after being reduced to a seven-point scale (18-24) by the validity cutoffs, both RCFT recognition scores continued to provide clinically useful information on visual memory. This is the first study to validate the RCFT FCR as a PVT in a clinical sample. Our data also support its use for measuring cognitive ability. Replication studies with more diverse samples and different criterion measures are still needed before large-scale clinical application of this scale.

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Cognitive Performance

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Dupuis ◽  
Elaine Kennedy ◽  
Ruth Lindquist ◽  
Franca B. Barton ◽  
Michael L. Terrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Coronary Artery Bypass ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Artery Bypass ◽  
Bypass Graft ◽  
Artery Bypass Graft ◽  
Before And After

• Background Some studies have indicated a decline in patients’ cognitive performance after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. • Objective To evaluate cognitive performance before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. • Methods Patients’ cognitive performance before and after coronary artery bypass graft surgery was evaluated in a prospective observational multicenter study in 5 academic medical centers. A total of 242 men and 123 women were evaluated before surgery; 333 men and 216 women, 5 to 11 months after surgery (197 men and 99 women were evaluated both before and after surgery). Verbal ability, attention/concentration, logical/verbal and visual memory, and facial recognition were measured. Data on demographic, medical, and psychosocial characteristics also were collected. • ResultsAfter surgery, patients’ overall performance improved (P < .001) for attention/concentration, verbal fluency, and logical/verbal memory. Patients with more education (high school or greater) performed better on each test (P < .001) than did patients with less education. No strong effects of sex or age on cognitive performance were observed before or after surgery, and no important differences in sex, age, or education were associated with changes in scores from before to after surgery. • Conclusion On average, cognitive performance improved rather than declined after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The improvements were consistent across sex, age, and education.

Characterizing psychosis-relevant phenomena and cognitive function in a unique population with isolated, chronic and very heavy cannabis exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (14) ◽  
pp. 2452-2459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Cyril D'Souza ◽  
Suhas Ganesh ◽  
Jose Cortes-Briones ◽  
Michael H. Campbell ◽  
Maisha K. Emmanuel
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
Schizotypal Personality ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire

AbstractBackgroundThe literature on psychosis-relevant outcomes in cannabis users does not adequately address the confounding effects of other substance use/misuse and psychiatric disorders.MethodsWe studied a unique population for whom cannabis use is central and necessary to their way of life. They are forbidden from using other substances, including tobacco and alcohol. Their use of cannabis is heavy, chronic, and begins early. The cases were compared with matched controls who did not use cannabis, alcohol, or drugs. The controls were from the same location and shared similar beliefs and lifestyle, except for cannabis use. Attenuated psychosis-relevant phenomena were assessed with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and cognitive functioning with a culture-neutral computerized cognitive battery.ResultsFifteen cases and 12 matched controls were studied. The cases averaged >30 000 lifetime cannabis exposures. Relative to controls, the cases had significantly higher mean (s.d.) SPQ scores 24 (14.32) v. 13 (8.92), p = 0.031; and poorer cognitive performance, reflected by a lower mean (s.d.) composite cognitive score −0.23 (0.32) v. +0.28 (0.52), p = 0.03. Moderate to large effect sizes were noted for differences in tests of attention, psychomotor speed, working memory, cognitive flexibility, visuo-spatial processing, and verbal memory. A subsample of cases had higher SPQ scores and worse cognitive performance than their siblings not using cannabis.ConclusionHeavy, chronic, and early cannabis use that is not confounded by other drug use is associated with psychosis-relevant phenomena and cognitive deficits. The findings are relevant to the evolving attitudes and laws about cannabis.

scholarly journals The Relation Between Cognitive Performance and Symptom Factors Following Concussion

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-764
Author(s):  
E Whitley ◽  
R Gerkin ◽  
A Kontos ◽  
C Quintana ◽  
B Nalepa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Symptom Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Motor Speed ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore if symptom factors are related to cognitive outcomes. Prior studies have examined the relationship of individual symptoms to cognition. However, the relation between empirically-derived symptom factors and cognitive outcomes has yet to be explored. Methods Data were extracted via retrospective chart review of 691 patients (aged 10–24, mean: 14.99±2.63). Participants completed ImPACT and the PCSS within 14 days of injury (mean: 9.27±3.37). Predictors were PCSS factor scores of Cognitive-Fatigue-Migraine (CFM), Affective (AFF), Somatic (SOM), and Sleep (SLP) (Kontos et al., 2012). Outcomes examined were ImPACT composite scores. Univariate analyses were performed and values with p < 0.10 were entered into stepwise linear regression (LR) models. Retained predictors in each LR model had p values <.05. Results Verbal memory was predicted by CFM, SOM, age, and gender. Visual memory was predicted by CFM and SOM. Visual motor speed was predicted by age, gender, CFM, SOM, and AFF. Reaction time was best predicted by SOM, CFM, and age. The variance explained was fairly small (0.08 to 0.21). SLP was not a significant predictor in any LR. Conclusion CFM and SOM factors were most predictive of lower cognitive performance, similar to prior studies linking dizziness to longer recovery and post-traumatic migraine to worse cognitive performance. These findings underscore the clinical importance of diverse symptom assessment and injury education. Higher CFM and SOM scores may also serve as proxy for injury severity, which we would expect to be associated with worse cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Estimation of Cognitive Performance Based on Premorbid Intelligence in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1717-1725
Author(s):  
Rocio Del Pino ◽  
Maria Díez-Cirarda ◽  
Javier Peña ◽  
Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao ◽  
Natalia Ojeda
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Pi Method ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence

Background: The estimation of premorbid intelligence (PI) is needed for an accurate diagnosis. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the cognitive performance taking into account the PI in Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to healthy controls (HC); and to analyze the discrepancies between the current and the predicted cognitive performance based on the PI. Method: Semantic fluency, verbal and visual memory, and executive functions were assessed in 39 PD and 162 HC. A linear regression model was used to analyze the discrepancies between the predicted cognitive performance and the current raw scores through PI variables (Word Accentuation Test (WAT), Pseudo-Words (PW) Reading subtest from PROLEC-R, age, and years of education). ROC analyses were performed to assess their diagnostic properties. Results: Significant differences were found in the raw cognitive scores between patients and HC [semantic fluency (t = 6.07; p < 0.001), verbal memory (t = 6.63; p < 0.001), and executive functions (t = 2.57; p = 0.013), and in visual memory (t = 1.97; p = 0.055 marginally significant)]. Compared to HC, PD patients presented higher discrepancies between the predicted cognitive performance and the raw scores in semantic fluency, verbal memory, visual memory, executive functions (AUC = 0.78, 0.78; 0.64, 0.61, respectively). Conclusion: The magnitude of the discrepancies scores between the current and the predicted cognitive performance based on PI indicates the presence of cognitive decline in the specific cognitive domain in PD patients. This study underlines the usefulness of premorbid measures and variables, such as WAT, PW, age, and years of education, to more accurately estimate the cognitive performance in PD.

scholarly journals A-47 Self-reported Difficulties in Retrospective Memory Predict Poor Verbal Memory Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 906-906
Author(s):  
K Stypulkowski ◽  
J Roberts ◽  
A Robledo ◽  
M Maxfield
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Prospective Memory ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Retrospective Memory ◽  
Subjective Memory

Abstract Objective Prospective and retrospective memory complaints are common among older adults with mixed results regarding their relationship with objective memory performance. This study investigated how subjective memory reports relate to objective memory function in a clinical sample. Method Participants (N = 139, Mage = 69.9, SD = 9.2) completed a cognitive screen at a university clinic. The assessment included the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (verbal memory), the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised (visual memory) and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire, a subjective memory measure with higher scores indicating greater perceived difficulties. Correlations and linear regressions were used to evaluate the relationship between subjective and objective memory (a priori p-value = .01). Results Retrospective memory was correlated with immediate (r = -.35, p < .001) and delayed verbal memory (r = -.31, p < .001) but unrelated to visual memory (p > .05). Prospective memory was not correlated with performance on visual or verbal memory tasks (p > .05). Retrospective memory accounted for 12.3% of the variation in immediate (adjusted R2 = 11.6%; medium effect size), and 9.3% of the variation in delayed verbal memory (adjusted R2 = 8.6%; small effect size). Retrospective memory significantly predicted immediate [F(1, 132) = 18.48, p < .001, 95% CI = -1.04 to -0.38] and delayed verbal memory scores [F(1, 132) = 13.51, p < .001, 95% CI = -1.09 to -0.33]. Conclusions Subjective reports of retrospective memory may be a better indicator of objective verbal memory performance than prospective memory in a clinical sample of older adults.

HIV-1, cocaine, and neuropsychological performance in African American men

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAMANI S. DURVASULA ◽  
HECTOR F. MYERS ◽  
PAUL SATZ ◽  
ERIC N. MILLER ◽  
HAL MORGENSTERN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Psychomotor Speed ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Hiv 1

The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of HIV-1 serostatus and cocaine on neuropsychological (NP) performance in a sample of 237 gay and bisexual urban-dwelling African American men. Consistent with current evidence, it was expected that the greatest neuropsychological performance deficits would be evident (1) in the symptomatic seropositives (SSPs), especially in domains affected by HIV (i.e., memory and psychomotor speed), and on tests that are sensitive to subtle slowing; (2) in those who are recent and frequent cocaine abusers; and (3) in those who are both HIV seropositive and cocaine abusers. Multivariate analyses controlling for age and alcohol use confirmed expectations, with symptomatic seropositives (SSPs) evidencing significantly poorer psychomotor speed than the seronegatives (SNs), and slower reaction time and poorer nonverbal memory than the asymptomatic seropositives (ASPs). Moderate to heavy recent cocaine use was associated with slower psychomotor speed. However, contrary to expectations, no interaction of serostatus and cocaine was noted for any NP domain, and the expected serostatus and cocaine effects on verbal memory and frontal systems were not obtained. Level of alcohol consumption exacerbated the detrimental effects of HIV-1 on a computerized reaction time test which is especially sensitive to subtle slowing. This study provides one of the first descriptions of the neuropsychological effects of HIV–AIDS in a noninjection drug-using community sample of gay and bisexual African American men. (JINS, 2000, 6, 322–335.)

scholarly journals Plasma neurofilament light as a potential biomarker for cognitive decline in a longitudinal study of middle-aged urban adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
May A. Beydoun ◽  
Nicole Noren Hooten ◽  
Hind A. Beydoun ◽  
Ana I. Maldonado ◽  
Jordan Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Mental Status ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPlasma neurofilament light (NfL) is a marker for neurodegenerative diseases. Few studies have examined the association of NfL with middle-aged changes in cognitive performance, and no studies have examined differential NfL effects by race. Using data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study (n = 625, Agev1: 30–66 y, 41.6% male, 56.3% African American, 27.8% below poverty), we investigated the associations of initial NfL levels and annualized change with cognitive performance over time in global mental status, verbal and visual memory, fluency, attention, and executive function. We used ordinary least squares and mixed-effects regressions stratified by race, while exploring differential associations by age group, sex, and poverty status. Over a mean follow-up of 4.3 years, we found initial NfL level was associated with a faster decline on normalized mental status scores in Whites only and in those >50 years old. Annualized increase in NfL was associated with a greater decline in verbal fluency in men. In other exploratory analyses, annualized increase in NfL was associated with a slower decline in verbal memory among individuals living above poverty; in the older group (>50 years), first-visit NfL was linked with better performance at baseline in global mental status and verbal memory. In summary, first-visit NfL was primarily associated with the global mental status decline among Whites, while exhibiting inconsistent relationships in some exploratory analyses. Plasma NfL levels can be detected and quantified in non-demented middle-aged adults and changes can be analyzed over time. More longitudinal studies are needed to address the clinical utility of this biomarker for early cognitive defects.

Relationship Between PET-Assessed Amyloid Burden and Visual and Verbal Episodic Memory Performance in Elderly Subjects

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-244
Author(s):  
Paula Squarzoni ◽  
Daniele de Paula Faria ◽  
Mônica Sanches Yassuda ◽  
Fábio Henrique de Gobbi Porto ◽  
Artur Martins Coutinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Standard Uptake Value ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Elderly Subjects

Background: Studies of elderly subjects using biomarkers that are proxies for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology have the potential to document meaningful relationships between cognitive performance and biomarker changes along the AD continuum. Objective: To document cognitive performance differences across distinct AD stages using a categorization based on the presence of PET-assessed amyloid-β (Aβ) burden and neurodegeneration. Methods: Patients with mild dementia compatible with AD (n = 38) or amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; n = 43) and a cognitively unimpaired group (n = 27) underwent PET with Pittsburgh compound-B (PiB) assessing Aβ aggregation (A+) and [18F]FDG-PET assessing neurodegeneration ((N)+). Cognitive performance was assessed with verbal and visual episodic memory tests and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: The A+(N)+ subgroup (n = 32) showed decreased (p < 0.001) cognitive test scores compared to both A+(N)–(n = 18) and A–(N)–(n = 49) subjects, who presented highly similar mean cognitive scores. Despite its modest size (n = 9), the A–(N)+ subgroup showed lower (p < 0.043) verbal memory scores relative to A–(N)–subjects, and trend lower (p = 0.096) scores relative to A+(N)–subjects. Continuous Aβ measures (standard uptake value ratios of PiB uptake) were correlated most significantly with visual memory scores both in the overall sample and when analyses were restricted to dementia or (N)+ subjects, but not in non-dementia or (N)–groups. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that significant Aβ-cognition relationships are highly salient at disease stages involving neurodegeneration. The fact that findings relating Aβ burden to memory performance were detected only at (N)+ stages, together with the similarity of test scores between A+(N)–and A–(N)–subjects, reinforce the view that Aβ-cognition relationships during early AD stages may remain undetectable unless substantially large samples are evaluated.

scholarly journals Sex, diabetes status and cognition: findings from the study of longevity in diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001646
Author(s):  
Chris Moran ◽  
Paola Gilsanz ◽  
Michal S Beeri ◽  
Rachel A Whitmer ◽  
Mary E Lacy
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Kaiser Permanente ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Diabetes Status

IntroductionWomen comprise two-thirds of people with dementia, making female sex a significant dementia risk factor. Both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are known dementia risk factors with an increasing global incidence. Understanding whether subtle sex differences persist in cognitive function prior to dementia in the context of diabetes may help elucidate the magnitude of sex effects on dementia risk.Research design and methodsWe examined cross-sectional data from the Study of Longevity in Diabetes (SOLID), a prospective cohort study of members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California aged 60 years and older with T1D (n=758), T2D (n=232) and without either T1D or T2D (n=247). We used factor analysis to generate summary scores of cognitive domains and used regression analyses to examine the associations between sex and cognition adjusting for sociodemographic and cardiovascular confounders.ResultsWe included 1237 participants (630 women and 607 men) with mean age 68 years. By design, the distribution of men and women in T1D, T2D and no diabetes was similar. Women had better cognitive performance than men in global cognition (β=0.21, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.26), language (β=0.08, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.15), executive function (β=0.13, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.20), episodic verbal memory (β=0.68, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.77) and attention (β=0.20, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.28) but not in episodic visual memory (β=0.006, 95% CI −0.07 to 0.09) adjusting for age and education independent of diabetes status. We did not find an interaction between sex and diabetes status for any of the cognitive outcomes.ConclusionsWomen in late mid-life have better cognitive performance than men in many cognitive domains independent of the presence of T1D or T2D. Further work is required to understand whether these differences change over time or in older cohorts and to understand their relationship to subsequent dementia.

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