scholarly journals Screening of Most Effective Variables for Development of Gastroretentive Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles by Taguchi Design

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Anand Kharia ◽  
Akhlesh Kumar Singhai
Keyword(s):  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Screening Design ◽  
Pareto Ranking ◽  
Loading Efficiency ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
Addition Rate ◽  
One Step ◽  
Influential Variable ◽  
Time Required

The objective of this study was the selection of the most influential variable for the preparation of gastroretentive mucoadhesive nanoparticles of acyclovir. Nanoparticles were prepared by one-step desolvation method; effect of formulation and processing variables on various response variables were studied by a Taguchi standard orthogonal array L8 design. Independent variables studied were the amount of gelatin, amount of glutaraldehyde, amount of Pluronic F-68, acetone addition rate, pH, stirring time, and stirring speed. The dependent variables studied were the particle size, polydispersity index, amount of drug released in 6 h, time required to release 60% of drug, entrapment efficiency, loading efficiency, and mucoadhesiveness. The size of all nanoparticulate formulations prepared as per the experimental design (Taguchi screening design) varied between 165 and 1610 nm, PDI between 0.360 and 1.00, bioadhesiveness between 3.959 and 11.02 g, cumulative percent drug release in 24 h between 40.74 and 72.48, entrapment efficiency between 15.70 and 83.12, and loading efficiency between 39.72 and 80.49. Pareto ranking analyses showed that the two most important factors affecting the selected responses were amount of gelatin and amount of Pluronic F-68 (P<0.05).

scholarly journals Comprehensive Study of Atorvastatin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers through Multivariate Conceptualization and Optimization

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Heba A. Ghanem ◽  
Ali M. Nasr ◽  
Tamer H. Hassan ◽  
Mahmoud M. Elkhoudary ◽  
Reem Alshaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Amorphous State ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers ◽  
Polydispersity Index ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Lipid Mixture ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Screening Design

The aim of the current study is to establish a comprehensive experimental design for the screening and optimization of Atorvastatin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AT-NLCs). Initially, combined D-optimal screening design was applied to find the most significant factors affecting AT-NLCs properties. The studied variables included mixtures of solid and liquid lipids, the solid/liquid lipid ratio, surfactant type and concentration, homogenization speed as well as sonication time. Then, the variables homogenization speed (A), the ratio of solid lipid/liquid lipid (B), and concentration of the surfactant (C) were optimized using a central composite design. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were chosen as dependent responses. The optimized AT-NLCs demonstrated a nanometric size (83.80 ± 1.13 nm), Polydispersity Index (0.38 ± 0.02), surface charge (−29.65 ± 0.65 mV), and high drug incorporation (93.1 ± 0.04%). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed no chemical interaction between Atorvastatin and the lipid mixture. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the AT-NLCs suggested the transformation of Atorvastatin crystal into an amorphous state. Administration of the optimized AT-NLCs led to a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in serum levels of rats’ total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. This change was histologically validated by reducing the relevant steatosis of the liver.

Application of Plakett-Burman Screening Design in Optimization of Process Parameters for Formulation of Canaglifozin Nanosuspension

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 5208-5216
Author(s):  
Nisha Patel ◽  
Hitesh A Patel
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pareto Chart ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Mean Particle Size ◽  
Screening Design ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
Response Variables

In this study, we sought to improve the dissolution characteristics of a poorly water-soluble BCS class IV drug canaglifozin, by preparing nanosuspension using media milling method. A Plackett–Burman screening design was employed to screen the significant formulation and process variables. A total of 12 experiment were generated by design expert trial version 12 for screening 5 independent variables namely the amount of stabilizer in mg (X1), stirring time in hr (X2), amt of Zirconium oxide beads in gm (X3), amount of drug in mg (X4) and stirring speed in rpm (X5) while mean particle size in nm (Y1) and drug release in 10 min. were selected as the response variables. All the regression models yielded a good fit with high determination coefficient and F value. The Pareto chart depicted that all the independent variables except the amount of canaglifozin had a significant effect (p<0.001) on the response variables. The mathematical model for mean particle size generated from the regression analysis was given by mean particle size = +636.48889 -1.28267 amt of stabilizer(X1) -4.20417 stirring time (X2) -7.58333 amt of ZrO2 beads(X3) -0.105556 amt of drug(X4) -0.245167 stirring speed(X5) (R2=0.9484, F ratio=22.07, p<0.001). Prepared canaglifozin nanosuspension exemplified a significant improvement (p<0.05) in the release as compared to pure canaglifozin and marketed tablet with the optimum formulation releasing almost 80% drug within first 10min. Optimized nanosuspension showed spherical shape with surface oriented stabilizer molecules and a mean particle diameter of 120.5 nm. There was no change in crystalline nature after formulation and it was found to be chemically stable with high drug content.

scholarly journals Entrapment of the Fastest Known Carbonic Anhydrase with Biomimetic Silica and Its Application for CO2 Sequestration

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2452
Author(s):  
Chia-Jung Hsieh ◽  
Ju-Chuan Cheng ◽  
Chia-Jung Hu ◽  
Chi-Yang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Co2 Sequestration ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Uncatalyzed Reaction ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Time Required

Capturing and storing CO2 is of prime importance. The rate of CO2 sequestration is often limited by the hydration of CO2, which can be greatly accelerated by using carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) as a catalyst. In order to improve the stability and reusability of CA, a silica-condensing peptide (R5) was fused with the fastest known CA from Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense (SazCA) to form R5-SazCA; the fusion protein successfully performed in vitro silicification. The entrapment efficiency reached 100% and the silicified form (R5-SazCA-SP) showed a high activity recovery of 91%. The residual activity of R5-SazCA-SP was two-fold higher than that of the free form when stored at 25 °C for 35 days; R5-SazCA-SP still retained 86% of its activity after 10 cycles of reuse. Comparing with an uncatalyzed reaction, the time required for the onset of CaCO3 formation was shortened by 43% and 33% with the addition of R5-SazCA and R5-SazCA-SP, respectively. R5-SazCA-SP shows great potential as a robust and efficient biocatalyst for CO2 sequestration because of its high activity, high stability, and reusability.

Does Learners’ Proficiency Level Affect Oral Corrective Feedback Preferences?

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesa Bandarchian Rashti ◽  
Maryam Danaye Tous
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Corrective Feedback ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Oral Corrective Feedback ◽  
One Step ◽  
Feedback Preferences ◽  
The Impact

<p>For decades now, there has been a good deal of research on factors affecting students’ oral corrective feedback preferences. Although it has been proven that learners’ characteristics such as their verbal intelligence and attitude toward error correction are highly effective in students’ preferred type of oral corrective feedback, the claims regarding the impact of learners’ proficiency level on their choice of oral corrective feedback have yet to be fully substantiated. In order to take this line of research one step forward, it is important to examine the potential effect of students’ level of proficiency in error correction literature. To this end, this paper aims to shed light on lower and higher level learners’ opinion about corrective feedback issues in an EFL context.</p>

scholarly journals Various factors affecting the bacterial corneal ulcer healing: a 4-years study in referral tertiary eye hospital in Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asroruddin ◽  
Rina L.D. Nora ◽  
Lukman Edwar ◽  
Soedarman Sjamsoe ◽  
Made Susiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Ulcer ◽  
Ocular Trauma ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Pseudomonas Sp ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Corneal Ulcers ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Epithelial Healing

Background: Corneal ulcer is one of the most common causes of visual acuity impairment and blindness all over the world. The aim of the study was to evaluate various factors affecting the bacterial corneal ulcers healing, including the predisposing factors, causative organisms, antibiotic sensitivity, as well as the treatment outcomes.Methods: All data were taken retrospectively from medical records of patients who underwent corneal scraping for Gram examination and/or culture over a-4-year period (2008-2011) at the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta. Treatment outcome were analyzed using Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc analysis. Mean time required for complete epithelial healing was also investigated.Results: 220 cases of bacterial corneal ulcers in 216 patients were included. The most common risk factors were ocular trauma (45.8%). Gram-positive coccus were found in 65.7% cases other than other microbes. Pseudomonas sp. (25,0%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (18.4%) were the most common isolates, sensitive to almost all kinds of antibiotics. About 83.0% (106 cases) were improved with antibiotics only, the rest were not improved and worsened. Mean time for complete epithelial healing was 17.5 ± 8.9 days with mild ulcer had the most rapid recovery. Eyes treated with fluoroquinolone eyedrops were healed in 14 days, faster than other regiments.Conclusion: Ocular trauma was the most common risk factor for corneal ulcer, and the most commonly isolated organism was Pseudomonas sp. Most cases were improved with antibiotics, and fluoroquinolone showed faster healing. Complete epithelial healing occurred in about 17.5 days.

scholarly journals Swelling Clay Parameters Investigation Using Design of Experiments (A Case Study)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yacine Berrah ◽  
Serhane Brahmi ◽  
Nouar Charef ◽  
Abderrahman Boumezbeur
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Factor Screening ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Screening Design ◽  
Expansion Behavior ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
Parametric Effects

The present paper aims to investigate geotechnical parametric effects on the expansion behavior of clayey soils in Tebessa province northeast of Algeria using the Design Of Experiments (DOE) methodology. It has been used as powerful tools based on physical and mechanical properties, data results obtained within laboratory soil mechanics testing. This statistical tool methodology presents the factor screening design to determine the effect of different parameters such as dry unit weight, saturation degree, water content, plasticity index, etc., on the swelling pressure parameter which can be used as expansion behavior of clay indicator. All data previously collected in the studied prone area allows the ability of detailed analysis using design of experiment and parametric optimization process with response surface methodology (RSM). Each variable that present effects on swelling pressure is also discussed. Besides, the obtained models and equations related the factors affecting the expansion process have been determined. At the output process; the response desirability of the screening design methodology can be optimized by maximization or minimization of the optimal values affecting the swelling behavior. This process allows us to find the best describing models, whereas output results may be compared to empirical laboratory tests results to assess the RSM models.

scholarly journals New palladium–oxazoline complexes: Synthesis and evaluation of the optical properties and the catalytic power during the oxidation of textile dyes

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1175-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rym Hassani ◽  
Mahjoub Jabli ◽  
Yakdhane Kacem ◽  
Jérôme Marrot ◽  
Damien Prim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Palladium Complexes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
One Step ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
High Yields

The present paper describes the synthesis of new palladium–oxazoline complexes in one step with good to high yields (68–95%). The oxazolines were prepared from enantiomerically pure α-aminoalcohols. The structures of the synthesized palladium complexes were confirmed by NMR, FTIR, TOFMS, UV–visible spectroscopic analysis and X–ray diffraction. The optical properties of the complexes were evaluated by the determination of the gap energy values (E g) ranging between 2.34 and 3.21 eV. Their catalytic activities were tested for the degradation of Eriochrome Blue Black B (a model of azo dyes) in the presence of an ecological oxidant (H2O2). The efficiency of the decolorization has been confirmed via UV–visible spectroscopic analysis and the factors affecting the degradation phenomenon have been studied. The removal of the Eriochrome reached high yields. We have found that the complex 9 promoted 84% of color elimination within 5 min (C 0 = 30 mg/L, T = 22 °C, pH 7, H2O2 = 0.5 mL) and the energetic parameters have been also determined.

A modified fractionation procedure for avian erythrocyte histones

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1121-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. M. Adams ◽  
J. M. Neelin
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Cation Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Fractionation Procedure ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
One Step ◽  
Avian Erythrocyte ◽  
Fractionation Method ◽  
Time Required

The fractionation method of Vidali and Neelin for avian erythrocyte histones was modified to reduce the time required to obtain clean fractions of serine-rich and arginine-rich histones. Histones were extracted from washed nuclei in one step with 0.20 M HCl. The lysine-rich and the moderately lysine-rich histones were fractionated by cation-exchange chromatography but the serine-rich and arginine-rich histones were eluted together. These histones were separated by subsequent exclusion chromatography.

Temporal Estimation in the Perception of Occluded Motion

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horace N. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Moving Object ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
Opaque Screen ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Background Structure ◽  
Temporal Estimation ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Perceived Speed ◽  
Occluded Motion

Ss were shown a rectangular object which moved transversely across their field of view and passed behind an opaque screen. The purpose was to investigate some of the factors affecting estimates of the time required for the occluded moving object to travel a given distance behind the screen. The factors selected for study were (1) method of viewing the moving object (pursuit, static fixation), (2) background structure (homogeneous, textured), and (3) object size. According to previous studies, these variables affect the perceived speed of a moving object and might therefore be expected to affect estimates of the duration of occluded traversal. The results did not show statistically significant differences among experimental groups, although data trends are discussed. An additional finding was that Ss significantly overestimated the duration of occluded traversal, consistent with a tendency to overestimate traversal distance. The experiment is related to Michotte's studies of “amodal perception” and discussed in terms of Gibson's stimulus information approach to perception.

Factors affecting the detection of possums by spotlighting in Western Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Wayne ◽  
A. Cowling ◽  
J. F. Rooney ◽  
C. G. Ward ◽  
I. B. Wheeler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Lunar Cycle ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
Time Required

This paper describes how environmental factors, survey method procedures and differences in forest structure resulting from logging relate to the detection of koomal (common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus) and ngwayir (western ringtail possum, Pseudocheirus occidentalis). A total of 169 vehicle-based spotlight surveys of possums within native jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest was conducted on three transects over eight years (1996–2003). Up to 5.7 koomal and up to 3.3 ngwayir were detected per kilometre per transect side. Only one ngwayir was detected during the eight surveys conducted between 2001 and 2003. More koomal were seen in spring and autumn (i.e. September–November and March–May respectively) and more ngwayir were seen between October and April. Although surveys were not conducted on very rainy or excessively windy nights, fewer possums were nonetheless seen on nights following rainy days and on cold nights. Cloud cover also affected sightings of koomal. The time taken to complete the surveys increased in conjunction with the number of possums detected, on account of the time required to record data. The importance of standardising travelling speed also is emphasised. Possum spotlight counts differed between recently logged and unlogged areas. However, these findings were not supported by complementary koomal abundance estimates derived from trapping, suggesting that vegetation structure may affect detectability. Factors such as the lunar cycle, wind speed and survey start time after sunset did not significantly affect detection rates of either species. On the basis of these findings, specific survey conditions can be selected to improve spotlight detection efficiency.

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