scholarly journals PPARγRegulates Genes Involved in Triacylglycerol Synthesis and Secretion in Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells of Dairy Goats

PPAR Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hengbo Shi ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
Jiangjiang Zhu ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Yuting Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
Triacylglycerol Synthesis ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells

To explore the function of PPARγin the goat mammary gland, we cloned the whole cDNA of the PPARγgene. Homology alignments revealed that the goat PPARγgene is conserved among goat, bovine, mouse, and human. Luciferase assays revealed that rosiglitazone enhanced the activity of the PPARγresponse element (PPRE) in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). After rosiglitazone (ROSI) treatment of GMECs, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the expression of genes related to triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion:LPL, FASN, ACACA, PLIN3, FABP3, PLIN2, PNPLA2, NR1H3, SREBF1, andSCD. The decreases in expression observed after knockdown of PPARγrelative to the control group (Ad-NC) averaged 65%, 52%, 67%, 55%, 65%, 58%, 85%, 43%, 50%, and 24% forSCD, DGAT1, AGPAT6, SREBF1, ACACA, FASN, FABP3, SCAP, ATGL,andPLIN3, respectively. These results provide direct evidence that PPARγplays a crucial role in regulating the triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion in goat mammary cells and underscore the functional importance of PPARγin mammary gland tissue during lactation.

scholarly journals Uptake of choline by rat mammary-gland epithelial cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
C K Chao ◽  
E A Pomfret ◽  
S H Zeisel
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Choline Uptake ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Gland Epithelial Cells

The neonatal mammal requires especially large amounts of choline to sustain growth. Much of this choline is derived from the newborn's only source of food, milk. The concentration of choline in rat milk [182 +/- 24 microM (S.E.M.)] was much higher than that in maternal serum (11.6 +/- 0.9 microM), suggesting that a mechanism capable of concentrating choline into milk must exist. We characterized choline uptake by mammary epithelial cells (the site of milk production) of the lactating rat. We observed two uptake processes, one saturable and obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the other non-saturable and linear. At physiological blood choline concentrations, the saturable component of choline uptake predominated. The saturable component had Kapp. = 35 +/- 16 microM, and Vmax. = 1.24 +/- 0.19 nmol/h per mg of protein. Saturable uptake of choline was inhibited by hemicholinium-3. Ca2+ was required for uptake, but Mg2+ was not. Replacement Na+ with K+, Li+ or sucrose inhibited transport. Ouabain did not inhibit choline uptake. Choline concentration in epithelial cells was 67.7 +/- 1.9 nmol/g wet wt. at the start of incubation at 37 degrees C and rose to 80.9 +/- 6.5 nmol/g wet wt. over 30 min. Much of the choline accumulated by the mammary gland (in the presence of endogenous concentrations of choline) remained in the form of choline (50 +/- 1.2%), phosphatidylcholine (12 +/- 2.3%), lysophosphatidylcholine (0.1 +/- 0.03%), betaine (7 +/- 0.3% and phosphocholine (6 +/- 0.5%). In addition, we isolated 25 +/- 1.2% of choline-derived radiolabel in an unidentified compound.

scholarly journals Evidence of Rab3A Expression, Regulation of Vesicle Trafficking, and Cellular Secretion in Response to Heregulin in Mammary Epithelial Cells

2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 9092-9101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna K. Vadlamudi ◽  
Rui-An Wang ◽  
Amjad H. Talukder ◽  
Liana Adam ◽  
Randy Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Vesicle Trafficking ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Coated Vesicle ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Breast Epithelial Cells ◽  
Breast Epithelial ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Heregulin β1 (HRG), a combinatorial ligand for human growth factor receptors 3 and 4, is a regulatory polypeptide that promotes the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells into secretory lobuloalveoli. Emerging evidence suggests that the processes of secretory pathways, such as biogenesis and trafficking of vesicles in neurons and adipose cells, are regulated by the Rab family of low-molecular-weight GTPases. In this study, we identified Rab3A as a gene product induced by HRG. Full-length Rab3A was cloned from a mammary gland cDNA library. We demonstrated that HRG stimulation of human breast cancer cells and normal breast epithelial cells induces the expression of Rab3A protein and mRNA in a cycloheximide-independent manner. HRG-mediated induction of Rab3A expression was blocked by an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not by inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases p38MAPK and p42/44MAPK. Human breast epithelial cells also express other components of regulated vesicular traffic, such as rabphilin 3A, Doc2, and syntaxin. Rab3A was predominantly localized in the cytosol, and HRG stimulation of the epithelial cells also raised the level of membrane-bound Rab3A. HRG treatment induced a profound alteration in the cell morphology in which cells displayed neuron-like membrane extensions that contained Rab3A-coated, vesicle-like structures. In addition, HRG also promoted the secretion of cellular proteins from the mammary epithelial cells. The ability of HRG to modify exocytosis was verified by using a growth hormone transient-transfection system. Analysis of mouse mammary gland development revealed the expression of Rab3A in mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, expression of the HRG transgene in Harderian tumors in mice also enhanced the expression of Rab3A. These observations provide new evidence of the existence of a Rab3A pathway in mammary epithelial cells and suggest that it may play a role in vesicle trafficking and secretion of proteins from epithelial cells in response to stimulation by the HRG expressed within the mammary mesenchyma.

MicroRNA-432 inhibits milk fat synthesis by targeting SCD and LPL in ovine mammary epithelial cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyun Hao ◽  
Yuzhu Luo ◽  
Jiqing Wang ◽  
Jon Hickford ◽  
Huitong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Fat Synthesis ◽  
Milk Fat Synthesis

In our previous studies, microRNA-432 (miR-432) was found to be one of differentially expressed miRNAs in ovine mammary gland between the two breeds of lactating sheep with different milk production...

Bovine mammary epithelial cells, initiators of innate immune responses to mastitis

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gray ◽  
Y. Strandberg ◽  
L. Donaldson ◽  
R. L. Tellam
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Innate immunity plays a vital role in the protection of the bovine mammary gland against mastitis. Until recently, the migration of effector cells such as neutrophils and monocytes into the mammary gland was thought to provide the only defence against invading pathogens. However, mammary epithelial cells may also play an important role in the immune response, contributing to the innate defence of the mammary tissue through secretion of antimicrobial peptides and attraction of circulating immune effector cells. This paper reviews the innate immune pathways in mammary epithelial cells and examines their role in the initiation of an innate immune response to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

scholarly journals Chemerin Regulates Epithelial Barrier Function of Mammary Glands in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3194
Author(s):  
Yutaka Suzuki ◽  
Sachi Chiba ◽  
Koki Nishihara ◽  
Keiichi Nakajima ◽  
Akihiko Hagino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Epithelial Tissue ◽  
Epithelial Barrier Function

Epithelial barrier function in the mammary gland acts as a forefront of the defense mechanism against mastitis, which is widespread and a major disorder in dairy production. Chemerin is a chemoattractant protein with potent antimicrobial ability, but its role in the mammary gland remains unelucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the function of chemerin in mammary epithelial tissue of dairy cows in lactation or dry-off periods. Mammary epithelial cells produced chemerin protein, and secreted chemerin was detected in milk samples. Chemerin treatment promoted the proliferation of cultured bovine mammary epithelial cells and protected the integrity of the epithelial cell layer from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced damage. Meanwhile, chemerin levels were higher in mammary tissue with mastitis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) strongly upregulated the expression of the chemerin-coding gene (RARRES2) in mammary epithelial cells. Therefore, chemerin was suggested to support mammary epithelial cell growth and epithelial barrier function and to be regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Our results may indicate chemerin as a novel therapeutic target for diseases in the bovine mammary gland.

scholarly journals p19ARFDetermines the Balance between Normal Cell Proliferation Rate and Apoptosis during Mammary Gland Development

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 2302-2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijun Yi ◽  
Anne Shepard ◽  
Frances Kittrell ◽  
Biserka Mulac-Jericevic ◽  
Daniel Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Proliferation Rate ◽  
Gland Development

This study demonstrated, for the first time, the following events related to p19ARFinvolvement in mammary gland development: 1) Progesterone appears to regulate p19ARFin normal mammary gland during pregnancy. 2) p19ARFexpression levels increased sixfold during pregnancy, and the protein level plateaus during lactation. 3) During involution, p19ARFprotein level remained at high levels at 2 and 8 days of involution and then, declined sharply at day 15. Absence of p19ARFin mammary epithelial cells leads to two major changes, 1) a delay in the early phase of involution concomitant with downregulation of p21Cip1and decrease in apoptosis, and 2) p19ARFnull cells are immortal in vivo measured by serial transplantion, which is partly attributed to complete absence of p21Cip1compared with WT cells. Although, p19ARFis dispensable in mammary alveologenesis, as evidenced by normal differentiation in the mammary gland of pregnant p19ARFnull mice, the upregulation of p19ARFby progesterone in the WT cells and the weakness of p21Cip1in mammary epithelial cells lacking p19ARFstrongly suggest that the functional role(s) of p19ARFin mammary gland development is critical to sustain normal cell proliferation rate during pregnancy and normal apoptosis in involution possibly through the p53-dependent pathway.

scholarly journals Ductal tree ablation by local delivery of ethanol prevents tumor formation in an aggressive mouse model of breast cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kenyon ◽  
Jennifer J. Westerhuis ◽  
Maximilian Volk ◽  
Jeremy Hix ◽  
Shatadru Chakravarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Prophylactic Mastectomy ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Tumor Incidence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group

Abstract Background Prophylactic mastectomy is the most effective intervention to prevent breast cancer. However, this major surgery has life-changing consequences at the physical, emotional, psychological, and social levels. Therefore, only high-risk individuals consider this aggressive procedure, which completely removes the mammary epithelial cells from which breast cancer arises along with surrounding tissue. Here, we seek to develop a minimally invasive procedure as an alternative to prophylactic mastectomy by intraductal (ID) delivery of a cell-killing solution that locally ablates the mammary epithelial cells before they become malignant. Methods After ID injection of a 70% ethanol-containing solution in FVB/NJ female animals, ex vivo dual stained whole-mount tissue analysis and in vivo X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging were used to visualize ductal tree filling, and histological and multiplex immunohistochemical assays were used to characterize ablative effects and quantitate the number of intact epithelial cells and stroma. After ID injection of 70% ethanol or other solutions in cancer-prone FVB-Tg-C3(1)-TAg female animals, mammary glands were palpated weekly to establish tumor latency and examined after necropsy to record tumor incidence. Statistical difference in median tumor latency and tumor incidence between experimental groups was analyzed by log-rank test and logistic mixed-effects model, respectively. Results We report that ID injection of 70% ethanol effectively ablates the mammary epithelia with limited collateral damage to surrounding stroma and vasculature in the murine ductal tree. ID injection of 70% ethanol into the mammary glands of the C3(1)-TAg multifocal breast cancer model significantly delayed tumor formation (median latency of 150 days in the untreated control group [n = 25] vs. 217 days in the ethanol-treated group [n = 13], p value < 0.0001) and reduced tumor incidence (34% of glands with tumors [85 of 250] in the untreated control group vs. 7.3% of glands with tumor [7 of 95] in the ethanol-treated group, risk ratio = 4.76 [95% CI 1.89 to 11.97, p value < 0.0001]). Conclusions This preclinical study demonstrates the feasibility of local ductal tree ablation as a novel strategy for primary prevention of breast cancer. Given the existing clinical uses of ethanol, ethanol-based ablation protocols could be readily implemented in first-in-human clinical trials for high-risk individuals.

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