scholarly journals Progesterone and Related Compounds in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Basic and Clinical Aspects

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao-Tsung Yeh ◽  
Chien-Wei Chang ◽  
Ren-Jie Wei ◽  
Shen-Nien Wang
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
Related Compounds

Primary liver cancer is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 85% to 90% of primary liver cancers. Major risk factors for HCC include infection with HBV or HCV, alcoholic liver disease, and most probably nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In general, men are two to four times more often associated with HCC than women. It can be suggested that sex hormones including progesterone may play some roles in HCC. Rather, very limited information discusses its potential involvement in HCC. This paper thus collects some recent studies of the potential involvement of progesterone and related compounds in HCC from basic and clinical aspects. In addition, two synthetic progestins, megestrol acetate (MA) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), will be discussed thoroughly. It is noted that progesterone can also serve as the precursor for androgens and estrogens produced by the gonadal and adrenal cortical tissues, while men have a higher incidence of HCC than women might be due to the stimulatory effects of androgen and the protective effects of estrogen. Eventually, this paper suggests a new insight on the associations of progesterone and related compounds with HCC development and treatment.

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Shauna R. Campbell ◽  
Timothy D. Smile ◽  
Sarah M.C. Sittenfeld ◽  
Kevin L. Stephans
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Effective Treatment Option ◽  
Stereotactic Body Radiation ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Liver Cancers ◽  
Bridging To Transplant

AbstractPrimary liver cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for three-quarters of primary liver cancers and less than a third of patients present with curable disease. Liver-directed therapy is essential for the treatment of patients with unresectable HCC and the advancement of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has made radiation a safe and effective treatment option in a range of clinical presentations. In this review, we discuss the technical aspects of SBRT and the general approach to treatment of HCC. We explore the use of SBRT for bridging to transplant, downstaging, and the treatment of large tumors and portal vein tumor thrombus. Although there is limited high-quality randomized data, we review the evidence comparing SBRT with other liver-directed therapies and explore areas for future investigation.

scholarly journals Immunological distinctions between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1209-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seo-Young Koo ◽  
Eun-Ji Park ◽  
Chang-Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Common Cancer ◽  
Aggressive Form ◽  
Immune Cell Subsets

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of chronic liver disease, ranges from simple hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is a more aggressive form characterized by hepatocyte injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Increasing evidence suggests that NASH is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Recent studies support a strong mechanistic link between the NASH microenvironment and HCC development. The liver has a large capacity to remove circulating pathogens and gut-derived microbial compounds. Thus, the liver is a central player in immunoregulation. Altered immune responses are tightly associated with the development of NASH and HCC. The objective of this study was to differentiate the roles of specific immune cell subsets in NASH and HCC pathogenesis.

scholarly journals The Current View of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Tomomi Kogiso ◽  
Katsutoshi Tokushige
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Current View ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Lifestyle Related Diseases

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and can develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The incidence of NAFLD-related HCC, which is accompanied by life-threatening complications, is increasing. Advanced fibrosis and lifestyle-related and metabolic comorbidities, especially obesity and diabetes mellitus, are associated with HCC development. However, HCC is also observed in the non-cirrhotic liver. Often, diagnosis is delayed until the tumor is relatively large and the disease is advanced; an effective screening or surveillance method is urgently required. Recently, the NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) guidelines of Japan were revised to incorporate new strategies and evidence for the management and surveillance of NAFLD/NASH. Fibrosis must be tested for noninvasively, and the risk of carcinogenesis must be stratified. The treatment of lifestyle-related diseases is expected to reduce the incidence of NAFLD and prevent liver carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and the Transition to Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 730
Author(s):  
Moritz Peiseler ◽  
Frank Tacke
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
End Stage

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rising chronic liver disease and comprises a spectrum from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to end-stage cirrhosis and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is multifactorial, but inflammation is considered the key element of disease progression. The liver harbors an abundance of resident immune cells, that in concert with recruited immune cells, orchestrate steatohepatitis. While inflammatory processes drive fibrosis and disease progression in NASH, fueling the ground for HCC development, immunity also exerts antitumor activities. Furthermore, immunotherapy is a promising new treatment of HCC, warranting a more detailed understanding of inflammatory mechanisms underlying the progression of NASH and transition to HCC. Novel methodologies such as single-cell sequencing, genetic fate mapping, and intravital microscopy have unraveled complex mechanisms behind immune-mediated liver injury. In this review, we highlight some of the emerging paradigms, including macrophage heterogeneity, contributions of nonclassical immune cells, the role of the adaptive immune system, interorgan crosstalk with adipose tissue and gut microbiota. Furthermore, we summarize recent advances in preclinical and clinical studies aimed at modulating the inflammatory cascade and discuss how these novel therapeutic avenues may help in preventing or combating NAFLD-associated HCC.

scholarly journals The Emerging Factors and Treatment Options for NAFLD-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3740
Author(s):  
Chunye Zhang ◽  
Ming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
T Cell Therapy ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, followed by cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). HCC is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide, and its incidence is rising, associated with an increased prevalence of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, current treatment options are limited. Genetic factors and epigenetic factors, influenced by age and environment, significantly impact the initiation and progression of NAFLD-related HCC. In addition, both transcriptional factors and post-transcriptional modification are critically important for the development of HCC in the fatty liver under inflammatory and fibrotic conditions. The early diagnosis of liver cancer predicts curative treatment and longer survival. However, clinical HCC cases are commonly found in a very late stage due to the asymptomatic nature of the early stage of NAFLD-related HCC. The development of diagnostic methods and novel biomarkers, as well as the combined evaluation algorithm and artificial intelligence, support the early and precise diagnosis of NAFLD-related HCC, and timely monitoring during its progression. Treatment options for HCC and NAFLD-related HCC include immunotherapy, CAR T cell therapy, peptide treatment, bariatric surgery, anti-fibrotic treatment, and so on. Overall, the incidence of NAFLD-related HCC is increasing, and a better understanding of the underlying mechanism implicated in the progression of NAFLD-related HCC is essential for improving treatment and prognosis.

scholarly journals Improved survival after treatments of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated hepatocellular carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihane N. Benhammou ◽  
Elizabeth S. Aby ◽  
Gayaneh Shirvanian ◽  
Kohlett Manansala ◽  
Shehnaz K. Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
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