scholarly journals Comparative Serological Assays for the Study of H5 and H7 Avian Influenza Viruses

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Molesti ◽  
Adelaide Milani ◽  
Calogero Terregino ◽  
Giovanni Cattoli ◽  
Nigel J. Temperton
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Reporter Systems ◽  
H5n1 Hpai

The nature of influenza virus to randomly mutate and evolve into new types is an important challenge in the control of influenza infection. It is necessary to monitor virus evolution for a better understanding of the pandemic risk posed by certain variants as evidenced by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. This has been clearly recognized in Egypt following the notification of the first HPAI H5N1 outbreak. The continuous circulation of the virus and the mass vaccination programme undertaken in poultry have resulted in a progressive genetic evolution and a significant antigenic drift near the major antigenic sites. In order to establish if vaccination is sufficient to provide significant intra- and interclade cross-protection, lentiviral pseudotypes derived from H5N1 HPAI viruses (A/Vietnam/1194/04, A/chicken/Egypt-1709-01/2007) and an antigenic drift variant (A/chicken/Egypt-1709-06-2008) were constructed and used in pseudotype-based neutralization assays (pp-NT). pp-NT data obtained was confirmed and correlated with HI and MN assays. A panel of pseudotypes belonging to influenza Groups 1 and 2, with a combination of reporter systems, was also employed for testing avian sera in order to support further application of pp-NT as an alternative valid assay that can improve avian vaccination efficacy testing, vaccine virus selection, and the reliability of reference sera.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽  
Nicola Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

scholarly journals The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chowdhury ◽  
Hossain ◽  
Ghosh ◽  
Ghosh ◽  
Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has caused severe illnesses in poultry and in humans. More than 15,000 outbreaks in domestic birds from 2005 to 2018 and 861 human cases from 2003 to 2019 were reported across the world to OIE (Office International des Epizooties) and WHO (World Health Organization), respectively. We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of HPAI outbreaks in South Asia. During January 2006 to June 2019, a total of 1063 H5N1 outbreaks in birds and 12 human cases for H5N1 infection were reported to OIE and WHO, respectively. H5N1 outbreaks were detected more in the winter season than the summer season (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 4.28–6.1). Commercial poultry were three times more likely to be infected with H5N1 than backyard poultry (RR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.99–4.01). The highest number of H5N1 outbreaks was reported in 2008, and the smallest numbers were reported in 2014 and 2015. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses and multiple clades of H5N1 virus were detected. Early detection and reporting of HPAI viruses are needed to control and eliminate HPAI in South Asia.

scholarly journals A New Generation of Modified Live-Attenuated Avian Influenza Viruses Using a Two-Strategy Combination as Potential Vaccine Candidates

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (17) ◽  
pp. 9238-9248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haichen Song ◽  
Gloria Ramirez Nieto ◽  
Daniel R. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
H5n1 Vaccine

ABSTRACT In light of the recurrent outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), there is a pressing need for the development of vaccines that allow rapid mass vaccination. In this study, we introduced by reverse genetics temperature-sensitive mutations in the PB1 and PB2 genes of an avian influenza virus, A/Guinea Fowl/Hong Kong/WF10/99 (H9N2) (WF10). Further genetic modifications were introduced into the PB1 gene to enhance the attenuated (att) phenotype of the virus in vivo. Using the att WF10 as a backbone, we substituted neuraminidase (NA) for hemagglutinin (HA) for vaccine purposes. In chickens, a vaccination scheme consisting of a single dose of an att H7N2 vaccine virus at 2 weeks of age and subsequent challenge with the wild-type H7N2 LPAI virus resulted in complete protection. We further extended our vaccination strategy against the HPAI H5N1. In this case, we reconstituted an att H5N1 vaccine virus, whose HA and NA genes were derived from an Asian H5N1 virus. A single-dose immunization in ovo with the att H5N1 vaccine virus in 18-day-old chicken embryos resulted in more than 60% protection for 4-week-old chickens and 100% protection for 9- to 12-week-old chickens. Boosting at 2 weeks posthatching provided 100% protection against challenge with the HPAI H5N1 virus for chickens as young as 4 weeks old, with undetectable virus shedding postchallenge. Our results highlight the potential of live att avian influenza vaccines for mass vaccination in poultry.

scholarly journals Characterization of Low-Pathogenic H5 Subtype Influenza Viruses from Eurasia: Implications for the Origin of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Viruses

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 7529-7539 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Duan ◽  
L. Campitelli ◽  
X. H. Fan ◽  
Y. H. C. Leung ◽  
D. Vijaykrishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are now endemic in many Asian countries, resulting in repeated outbreaks in poultry and increased cases of human infection. The immediate precursor of these HPAI viruses is believed to be A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses first detected in Guangdong, China, in 1996. From 2000 onwards, many novel reassortant H5N1 influenza viruses or genotypes have emerged in southern China. However, precursors of the Gs/GD-like viruses and their subsequent reassortants have not been fully determined. Here we characterize low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5 subtype viruses isolated from poultry and migratory birds in southern China and Europe from the 1970s to the 2000s. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Gs/GD-like virus was likely derived from an LPAI H5 virus in migratory birds. However, its variants arose from multiple reassortments between Gs/GD-like virus and viruses from migratory birds or with those Eurasian viruses isolated in the 1970s. It is of note that unlike HPAI H5N1 viruses, those recent LPAI H5 viruses have not become established in aquatic or terrestrial poultry. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the dynamic nature of the influenza virus gene pool in Eurasia with repeated transmissions between the eastern and western extremities of the continent. The data also show reassortment between influenza viruses from domestic and migratory birds in this region that has contributed to the expanded diversity of the influenza virus gene pool among poultry in Eurasia.

scholarly journals Origin of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in China and genetic characterization of donor and recipient viruses

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 3094-3099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mahmood Mukhtar ◽  
Sahibzada T. Rasool ◽  
Degui Song ◽  
Chengliang Zhu ◽  
Qian Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

Genetic analysis of all eight genes of two Nanchang avian influenza viruses, A/Duck/Nanchang/1681/92 (H3N8-1681) and A/Duck/Nanchang/1904/92 (H7N1-1904), isolated from Jiangxi province, China, in 1992, showed that six internal genes of H3N8-1681 virus and five internal (except NS gene) genes of H7N1-1904 virus were closely similar to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, the first highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of subtype H5N1 isolated in Asia. The neuraminidase (NA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 had the highest genetic similarity with A/Duck/Hokkaido/55/96 (H1N1-55) virus. The haemagglutinin (HA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 virus might have originated as a result of mutation of H5 HA gene from A/Swan/Hokkaido/51/96 (H5N3-51)-like viruses. The PA gene of H5N3-51 virus had the highest similarity with Gs/Gd/1/96. This study explains the origin of first Asian HPAI H5N1 virus in Guangdong by the reassortment of Nanchang (close to Guangdong) and Hokkaido (Japan) (H1N1-55 and H5N3-51) viruses. Genetic characteristics of donor and recipient viruses were also studied.

scholarly journals Influenza Management Prospects of Passive Immunotherapy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erasmus Kotey ◽  
Deimante Lukosaityte ◽  
Osbourne Quaye ◽  
William Ampofo ◽  
Gordon Awandare ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Short Period

Influenza is a disease that poses a significant health burden worldwide. Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections. However, conventional vaccines are only effective for a short period of time due to the propensity of influenza viruses to undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The efficacy of these vaccines is uncertain from year-to-year due to potential mismatching between the circulating viruses and vaccine strains, mutations arising due to egg adaptation, and potential contamination of the vaccine virus stock. Subsequently, the inability to store these vaccines long-term and vaccine shortages are challenges that need to be overcome. Conventional vaccines are also less effective for certain populations, including the young, old, and immunocompromised. This warrants for diverse efficacious vaccine developmental approaches, involving both active and passive immunization. As opposed to active immunization platforms (requiring the use of whole or portions of pathogens as vaccines), the rapidly developing passive immunization involves administration of either pathogen-specific or broadly acting antibodies against a kind or class of pathogens as a prophylactic treatment to corresponding acute infection. Several antibodies with broadly acting capacities have been discovered that may serve as means to suppress influenza viral infection and allow the process of natural immunity to engage opsonized pathogens whilst boosting immune system by antibody-dependent mechanisms that bridge the innate and adaptive arms. By that, passive immunotherapeutics approach assumes a robust tool that could aid control of influenza viruses. In this review, we comment on some improvements in influenza management and promising vaccine development platforms, with emphasis on the capacity of passive immunotherapeutics especially when coupled with the use of antivirals in the management of influenza infection.

Phylogenetic studies of H3 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild mallards in Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-424
Author(s):  
Monika Olszewska ◽  
Krzysztof Śmietanka ◽  
Zenon Minta
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H3 Subtype

In order to study the variation of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) of H3 subtype in the natural reservoir, partial genetic characterisation of four AIV isolates of H3 subtype, recovered from wild mallards in Poland in 2006–2010, was performed. Phylogenetic analysis clearly confirms that there is a constant flow of AIV H3 between wild birds in Eurasia and Africa, and, to a limited degree, to North America (Alaska), with an occasional spill-over to poultry. The analysis of the PA gene of one isolate from 2010 suggests that it is closely related to several HPAI H5N1 viruses belonging to clade 2.3.2 and that, therefore, a reassortment event has occurred recently between low pathogenic and H5N1 highly pathogenic AIV.

The East Jakarta Project: surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) and seasonal influenza viruses in patients seeking care for respiratory disease, Jakarta, Indonesia, October 2011–September 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (16) ◽  
pp. 3394-3404 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. STORMS ◽  
R. KUSRIASTUTI ◽  
S. MISRIYAH ◽  
C. Y. PRAPTININGSIH ◽  
M. AMALYA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Seasonal Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

SUMMARYIndonesia has reported the most human infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus worldwide. We implemented enhanced surveillance in four outpatient clinics and six hospitals for HPAI H5N1 and seasonal influenza viruses in East Jakarta district to assess the public health impact of influenza in Indonesia. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected from outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and hospitalized patients with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI); respiratory specimens were obtained for influenza testing by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. During October 2011–September 2012, 1131/3278 specimens from ILI cases (34·5%) and 276/1787 specimens from SARI cases (15·4%) tested positive for seasonal influenza viruses. The prevalence of influenza virus infections was highest during December–May and the proportion testing positive was 76% for ILI and 36% for SARI during their respective weeks of peak activity. No HPAI H5N1 virus infections were identified, including hundreds of ILI and SARI patients with recent poultry exposures, whereas seasonal influenza was an important contributor to acute respiratory disease in East Jakarta. Overall, 668 (47%) of influenza viruses were influenza B, 384 (27%) were A(H1N1)pdm09, and 359 (25%) were H3. While additional data over multiple years are needed, our findings suggest that seasonal influenza prevention efforts, including influenza vaccination, should target the months preceding the rainy season.

scholarly journals Avian Influenza Surveillance in the Danube Delta Using Sentinel Geese and Ducks

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Coman ◽  
Daniel Narcis Maftei ◽  
Razvan M. Chereches ◽  
Elena Zavrotchi ◽  
Paul Bria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Danube Delta ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Migrating Birds

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus incursions from migrating birds have occurred multiple times in Romania since 2005. Beginning in September 2008 through April 2013, seasonal sentinel surveillance for avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) using domestic geese (Anser cygnoides) and ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Danube Delta was established by placing 15 geese and 5 ducks at seven sites. Tracheal and cloacal swabs, and sera collections (starting in 2009) were taken monthly. We studied a total of 580 domestic birds and collected 5,520 cloacal and tracheal swabs from each and 2,760 sera samples. All swabs were studied with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) for evidence of AIV. Serological samples were studied with hemagglutination inhibition assays against avian H5, H7, and H9 influenza viruses. From 2009 to 2013, 47 swab specimens from Cot Candura, Enisala, and Saon screened positive for AIV; further subtyping demonstrated that 14 ducks and 20 geese had cloacal evidence of H5N3 carriage. Correspondingly, 4 to 12 weeks after these molecular detections, sentinel bird sera revealed elevated HI titers against H5 virus antigens. We posit that domestic bird surveillance is an effective method to conduct AIV surveillance among migrating birds in delta areas.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of three genetically distinct and highly pathogenic Egyptian H5N8 avian influenza viruses in chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahed Yehia ◽  
Ahmed M Erfan ◽  
amany adel ◽  
marwa abdelmagid ◽  
Wafaa M M Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Pathological Alteration ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
The Difference

Abstract In late 2016, Egypt was subjected to multiple introductions of reassorted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) subtype H5N8. In a previous study, we reported three distinct genotypes during the first wave of infection represented by CAO285, SS19, and F446 viruses that were isolated from wild birds, backyard, and a commercial farm, respectively. F466 has subsequently become the predominant genotype currently circulating in Egypt and has been implicated in the emerging of the H5N2 virus. In the present study, we investigated the difference in the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the three genotypes. The intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) ranged from 2.68 to 2.9. With the natural route of infection, all these strains took longer to cause mortality in comparison to S75 (HPAI-H5N1). When compared the H5N8 viruses to each other showed that F446 had high mortality rate after inoculation from original concentration of 106 and 104 EID50 of virus. Chickens inoculated with F446 showed the highest viral titer with significant differnt in all tested samples (H5N8 and H5N1 viruses) in experimental and sentinel contact chicken with more efficient transmission to sentinel contact birds and spread from contact to other birds. Histopathological findings revealed the H5N1 and H5N8 viruses affect all organs examined (lung, trachea, brain, spleen) with relatively different affect the S75 cauterized by early marked respiratory adverse effect and F446 & SS19 were characterized by early systematic pathological alteration with mild respiratory pathological changes. The efficient viral replication and transmissibility in the main bird species, like chicken in case of Egypt, represent a key element for the spread and maintains of certain influenza genotypes of H5N8 virus and decrease the incidence of H5N1.

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