scholarly journals Dynamic Modeling of Reversible Methanolysis ofJatropha curcasOil to Biodiesel

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhari M. Syam ◽  
Hamidah A. Hamid ◽  
Robiah Yunus ◽  
Umer Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Dynamic Modeling ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Kinetics Study ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Kinetics Studies ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Many kinetics studies on methanolysis assumed the reactions to be irreversible. The aim of the present work was to study the dynamic modeling of reversible methanolysis ofJatropha curcasoil (JCO) to biodiesel. The experimental data were collected under the optimal reaction conditions: molar ratio of methanol to JCO at 6 : 1, reaction temperature of 60°C, 60 min of reaction time, and 1% w/w of catalyst concentration. The dynamic modeling involved the derivation of differential equations for rates of three stepwise reactions. The simulation study was then performed on the resulting equations using MATLAB. The newly developed reversible models were fitted with various rate constants and compared with the experimental data for fitting purposes. In addition, analysis of variance was done statistically to evaluate the adequacy and quality of model parameters. The kinetics study revealed that the reverse reactions were significantly slower than forward reactions. The activation energies ranged from 6.5 to 44.4 KJ mol−1.

Study on the Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate Catalyzed by Strong Acidic Cation Exchange Resin

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 2411-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lan ◽  
Li Hong Lan ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
An Ping Liao
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cation Exchanger ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimum Reaction

Isoamyl acetate was synthesized from isoamylol and glacial acetic acid with strong acidic cation exchanger as catalyst. The effects of reaction conditions such as acid-alcohol ratio, reaction time, catalyst dosage to esterification reaction have been investigated and the optimum reaction conditions can be concluded as: the molar ratio of acetic acid to isoamylol 0.8:1, reaction time 2h, 25 % of catalyst (quality of acetic acid as benchmark). The conversion rate can reach up to 75.46%. The catalytic ability didn’t reduce significantly after reusing 10 times and the results showed that the catalyst exhibited preferably catalytic activity and reusability.

Optimization of biodiesel synthesis under simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation using response surface methodology (RSM)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Safieddin Ardebili ◽  
Teymor Tavakoli Hashjin ◽  
Barat Ghobadian ◽  
Gholamhasan Najafi ◽  
Stefano Mantegna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

AbstractThis work investigates the effect of simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation on palm oil transesterification and uncovers optimal operating conditions. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to analyze the influence of reaction conditions, including methanol/palm oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and irradiation time on biodiesel yield. RSM analyses indicate 136 s and 129 s as the optimal sonication and microwave irradiation times, respectively. Optimized parameters for full conversion (97.53%) are 1.09% catalyst concentration and a 7:3.1 methanol/oil molar ratio at 58.4°C. Simultaneous ultrasound-microwave irradiation dramatically accelerates the palm oil transesterification reaction. Pure biodiesel was obtained after only 2.2 min while the conventional method requires about 1 h.

Lipase-Catalyzed Acyl-L-Carnitines Synthesis in [Bmim]PF6 Ionic Liquid

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-qiang Tian ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Zhong-yuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Better Than

In order to significantly improve the biosynthesis of acyl-L-carnitines catalyzed by lipase, there must be an efficient and suitable reaction medium that is not only polar but also hydrophobic. [Bmim]PF6, which satisfies the above two requirements, was applied as the medium. The optimal reaction conditions were: for isovaleryl-L-carnitine, 0.22aW, 200mg molecular sieves, 60ºC, 4:1 of molar ratio (fatty acid:L-carnitine), 150rpm and 60h; for octanoyl-L-carnitine and palmitoyl-L-carnitine, 0.22aW, 250 mg molecular sieves, 5:1 of molar ratio (fatty acid:L-carnitine), 200rpm, 48h, 60ºC (octanoyl-L-carnitine) and 65ºC (palmitoyl-L-carnitine). Their overall yields could reach 59.14%, 90.79% and 98.03%, respectively. The yields of isovaleryl-L-carnitine, octanoyl-L-carnitine and palmitoyl-L-carnitine in [Bmim]PF6 were 16.21%, 73.67% and 44.22 % more than those in acetonitrile, respectively. [Bmim]PF6 as the medium was better than acetonitrile. It could not only enhance the yields of acyl-L-carnitines, but also protect the lipase activity.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from a Novel Nonedible Feedstock, Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Seed Oil

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Hung Su ◽  
Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Uyen Pham ◽  
My Nguyen ◽  
Horng-Yi Juan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Acid Catalyzed ◽  
American Society ◽  
Optimal Reaction

This study investigated the optimal reaction conditions for biodiesel production from soursop (Annona muricata) seeds. A high oil yield of 29.6% (w/w) could be obtained from soursop seeds. Oil extracted from soursop seeds was then converted into biodiesel through two-step transesterification process. A highest biodiesel yield of 97.02% was achieved under optimal acid-catalyzed esterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, 1% H2SO4, reaction time: 90 min, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 10:1) and optimal alkali-catalyzed transesterification conditions (temperature: 65 °C, reaction time: 30 min, 0.6% NaOH, and a methanol:oil molar ratio: 8:1). The properties of soursop biodiesel were determined and most were found to meet the European standard EN 14214 and American Society for Testing and Materials standard D6751. This study suggests that soursop seed oil is a promising biodiesel feedstock and that soursop biodiesel is a viable alternative to petrodiesel.

Catalytic Synthesis of Isoamyl Acetate by Ion Exchange Resin-Supported (NH4)6[MnMo9O32] • 8H2O with Waugh Structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 1231-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xia Wang ◽  
Shu Heng Liu ◽  
Hua Yuan ◽  
Lin Lin Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Isoamyl Acetate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Ion exchange resin-supported (NH4)6[MnMo9O32]8H2O with Waugh structure is used to prepare supported solid catalyst. Performance of this catalyst is researched by means of synthesis of isoamyl acetate. Optimal reaction conditions determined by orthogonal experiment are as follows: acid-alcohol molar ratio is 2.5:1, reaction time is 120 min, catalyst dosage is 0.8 g, dosage of water-carrying agent is 2.5 ml, esterification yield reaches 95.1%. This catalyst is characterized by high catalytic efficiency, easy separation and recovery, absence of environmental pollution and being reusable, etc.

scholarly journals High Oleic Pentaerythritol Tetraester Formation via Transesterification: Effect of Reaction Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Faeqah Idrus ◽  
Robiah Yunus ◽  
Zurina Zainal Abidin ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Norazah Abd Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Vacuum Pressure ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Operating Variables ◽  
The Ideal

Pentaerythritol tetraoleate esters synthesized from high oleic palm oil methyl ester (POME) have potential as biolubricant base stock. In the present study, the chemical transesterification of POME and pentaerythritol (PE) using sodium methoxide as a catalyst was conducted under vacuum. The effect of operating variables such as reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, the molar ratio of POME to PE, vacuum pressure, and stirring rate on the yield of PE tetraoleate was examined. The ideal conditions for the reaction were at a temperature of 160 °C, 1.25% (w/w) catalyst concentration, the molar ratio of POME to PE at 4.5:1, vacuum pressure at 10 mbar, and stirring speed at 900 rpm. PE tetraoleate with a yield of 36% (w/w), was successfully synthesized under this condition within 2 h of reaction time.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of oxidative synthesis of N-alkyl, N,N-dialkyl and N-cykloalkyl-O-isobutyl thioncarbamate

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Sovrlic ◽  
Milutin Milosavljevic ◽  
Aleksandar Marinkovic ◽  
Jasmina Djukanovic ◽  
Danijela Brkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
1H And 13C Nmr ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Industrial Level ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
First Time ◽  
Optimal Reaction ◽  
Yield And Purity

A optimized synthesis of N-alkyl, N,N-dialkyl- and N-cycloalkyl-O-isobutyl thioncarbamates by aminolysis of sodium isobutylxanthogenic acid (NaiBXAc) and primary, secondary and cycloalkyl amines was developed at laboratory scale and applied at semi-industrial level. Studies on dependence of N-n-propyl-O-isopropylthiocarbamate yield and purity with respect to reaction parameters: reaction time and molar ratio of n-propylamine and NaiBXAc, were performed. In such way, optimal reaction conditions for synthesis of N-alkyl, N,N-dialkyl- and N-cycloalkyl-O-isobutyl thioncarbamates, by aminolysis of NaiBXAc, were established. Also, comparative results of thioncarbamates synthesis starting from potassium isobutyl xanthate (KiBX) and corresponding amines in presence of different oxidants: hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite and new oxidative agent potassium peroxodisulfate were evaluated. Synthesized compounds have been fully characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR and MS data, elemental analysis and purity have been determined by gas chromatographic method (GC). According to our knowledge, ten synthesized thioncarbamates are for the first time characterized. Synthesized compounds could be used as selective reagents for flotation of copper and zinc ores. The presented methods offer several benefits, namely, high product yields and purity, simple operation, mild reaction conditions without use of hazardous organic solvents, while some of them could be implemented on industrial scale production.

Two-Phase Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime under Milder Conditions in Cyclohexane

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Guo Qing Liu ◽  
Jian Wu ◽  
He An Luo
Keyword(s):  
Beckmann Rearrangement ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Cyclohexanone Oxime ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
D Value

An innovative green process of producing ε-caprolactam (CPL) was proposed by integrating ammoximation and Beckmann rearrangement effectively. As a second part of the new process, two-phase (liquid-liquid) Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime to caprolactam was carried out using solution of oxime-cyclohexane as reactant instead of melting oxime in conventional route. The experimental results indicated that a relatively high yield of CPL can be achieved with much less oleum under milder reaction conditions in comparison with conventional technology. Furthermore, preliminary work on the quality of CPL, characterized by D value, was also performed. It was found that molar ratio of acid to oxime had a great impact on D value while the influences of other parameters were less important.

scholarly journals Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Direct Conversion of Cellulose Using Heteropolyacid/Nb2O5 as Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1417
Author(s):  
Jéssica Siqueira Mancilha Nogueira ◽  
Vinícius Tomaz Santana ◽  
Paulo Vitor Henrique ◽  
Leandro Gonçalves de Aguiar ◽  
João Paulo Alves Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Central Composite Rotatable Design ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Central Composite

This study aimed to select the best reaction conditions to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from cellulose using heterogeneous catalyst based on a heteropolyacid (H3PW12O40—HPW) and Nb2O5. Initially, the influence of the temperature (160 or 200 °C), acetone:water ratio (50:50 or 75:25 v/v), cellulose load (5% or 10% w/v) and catalyst concentration (1% or 5% w/v) on HMF production from cellulose was evaluated through a Taguchi’s L16 screening experimental design. Afterwards, the main variables affecting this process, namely the temperature (160–240 °C) and acetone:water ratio (60:40–90:10 v/v), were optimized using a central composite rotatable design. Next, a kinetic study on HMF production from cellulose was carried out. Finally, HMF production from cellulose obtained from different biomass sources was evaluated. It was found that the reaction conditions able to result in maximum HMF yield, i.e., around 20%, were 200 °C, acetone:water ratio of 75:25 (v/v), 10% w/v of cellulose, and 5% w/v of catalyst concentration. The kinetic study revealed that the Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson approach fit to the experimental data. Under the optimized conditions, the catalyst HPW/Nb2O5 was also effective in converting different sources of cellulose into HMF.

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