scholarly journals Vulnerability of Trees to Climate Events in Temperate Forests of West Germany

ISRN Forestry ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Fischer ◽  
Burkhard Neuwirth
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Species Vulnerability ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of

An improved understanding of the spatiotemporal climate/growth relationship of our forests is of particular importance for assessing the consequences of climate warming. A total of 67 stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) from sites located in the transition zone from the lowlands to the low mountain ranges of West Germany have been analysed. A combination of pointer year and cluster analysis was used to find groups with similar growth anomaly patterns over the 1941–2000 period. Shifted reaction patterns especially characterise differences in the growth behaviour of the clusters. These are controlled by different reactions to the climate conditions in winter and spring and are determined by a complex system of forcing factors. Results of this study reflect the enormous importance of the length of the growing season. Increasing the duration of the vegetation period climate warming can change the climate/growth relationship of trees, thereby confounding climate reconstructions which use tree rings. Since forcing factors have been detected that are more important than the tree species, we recommend the application of growth-specific approaches for the analysis of tree species’ vulnerability to climate.

German Angst

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Biess
Keyword(s):  
Federal Republic ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Peace Movements ◽  
Original Analysis ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
Relationship Of

German Angst analyzes the relationship of fear and democracy in postwar West Germany. While fear has historically been associated with authoritarian regimes, the book highlights the role of fear and anxiety in a democratizing society: these emotions undermined democracy and stabilized it at the same time. By taking seriously postwar Germans’ uncertainties about the future, the book challenges dominant linear and teleological narratives of postwar West German “success.” It highlights the prospective function of memories of war and defeat, of National Socialism and the Holocaust. Fears and anxieties derived from memories of a catastrophic past that postwar Germans projected into the future. Based on case studies from the 1940s to the present, the book provides a new interpretive synthesis of the Federal Republic. It tells the history of the Federal Republic as a series of recurring crises, in which specific fears and anxieties emerged, served a variety of political functions, and then again abated. Drawing on recent interdisciplinary insights of emotion studies, the book transcends the dichotomy of “reason” and “emotion.” Fear and anxiety were not exclusively irrational and dysfunctional but served important roles in postwar democracy. These emotions sensitized postwar Germans to the dangers of an authoritarian transformation, and they also served as the emotional engine of the environmental and peace movements. The book also provides an original analysis of the emotional basis of right-wing populism in Germany today, and it explores the possibilities of a democratic politics of emotion.

scholarly journals STUDY REGARDING THE CARBONATICAL SOILS FROM THE TRANSYLVANIAN DEPRESSION FORMED ON THE EOCINICAL DEPOSITS OF NUMULITS

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pacurar ◽  
V. Bunescu ◽  
M. Darja ◽  
Doina Clapa ◽  
L. Holonec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coating ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Quaternary Deposits ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
A Value ◽  
Average Annual Temperature

The Căpuşului hills are in the Transilvanian depression a trully ”geologycal eocenic golf” with a rich fossilifeuros fauna (Gryphaea eszerházy, G. gigantica, Turrietella imbricataria, Corbula gallica, Cepatia cepacea, Rotularia spirulaea) and also nummulitus species. The pedogenetic cover is constituted by sedimental deposits (clays, marls, limestones, gritsones). Also the pedogentic cover is represented by preluvisoils, luvisoils, eutricambisoils, clay cernozems. The relief characteristics are the Nummulites perforatus, N. fabianii and N. striatus who are the basically substrates from the acrobatically soils. The Transylvanian Depression is considered to be a true "geological eocenical gulf", is remarked through the conservation of a highly rich fossil fauna. Under the geological aspect, on a crystalline base is revealed the whole series of eocenical formations (striped clays, clays and limestone with "numuliti"), oligocenical (carbonatical clays, sands, sand stones and quaternary deposits) (Posea, 1978; Pop, 2001). These sedimentary deposits lay down from the half of the inferior Miocen and finished during the Panonian's end have constituted the parenthal material for the actual pedogenetical cover. A special characteristic of the landscape (with heights of 600-800m), from the outskirts of the Depression (the Huedin Depression, the Paniceni High hills, the Capus and Savadisla Corridor) is the fact that at the surface coating begin to appear "numulits" (Nummulites perforatus, N. fabianii, N. striatus), close to the localities Capusul mic, Leghia, Savadisla, Aghires, Manastireni, Cluj-Calvaria, Vlaha), deposits on which carbonatical soils are formed. If we view this are from the climate's point of view this area belongs to the Dfbk (Koppen) climatical province. The climate is a temperate continental of high hills, with forest. At Cluj-Napoca the average annual precipitations reach 613mm, the average annual temperature has a value of 8.3 degrees C, and the aridity indicator "De Martonne" has the value of 33.7. According to the climate conditions the studied area belongs to the level of oak (Quercus petraea) and the area of mezofilical oaks. (Quercus robur) Generally the areas of forest are mixed with those of pasture or agricultural crops. Because of the diversity of the ecological conditions the soil cover is extremely different, being constitueted of preluvosoils, luvosoils, eutricambosoils, cernosioms, carbonatical soils. (Blaga 1981, Bunescu &co 2005).

scholarly journals Impact of Climate on Vegetation Change in a Mountain Grassland – Succession and Fluctuation

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin PĂCURAR ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Albert REIF ◽  
Roxana VIDICAN ◽  
Vlad STOIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Vegetation Composition ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Climate Conditions

Traditionally managed Central European mountain grasslands have high nature conservation value because of their high species diversity. Whether these grasslands and their diversity can be preserved will depend on many factors, including how plant species composition responds to changes in climate conditions. To differentiate between fluctuations and directional succession in the herbaceous layer composition of a Romanian Festuca rubra L. and Agrostis capillaris L. grassland in Apuseni and whether any compositional changes can be related to climate. The vegetation of permanent plots was recorded annually between 2004 and 2012. Temperature and precipitation were measured by an automatic weather station at the study site. Cluster analysis, Indicator Species Analysis and the co-dominance ratio between F. rubra L.- A. capillaris were analysed. The compositional data was related to the climate variables. Thresholds of relevant climate variables differentiating between clusters of plots with similar vegetation composition were determined using classification tree methods. The vegetation composition in our plots within the years 2004, 2005 and 2008 were different from each other. From 2004 to 2006 directional succession could be identified; however the major patterns to emerge were fluctuations which occurred over the whole study period. Compositional shifts included A. capillaris L. and F. rubra L exchanging co-dominance with each other. The most important variables differentiating clusters were temperature during the dormant and vegetation periods and water balance during the vegetation period. It can be concluded that compositional shifts among years were largely a consequence of year to year climatic fluctuations; however, there is some evidence for a directional shift during the early years of the study./span>

scholarly journals Oak Species Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea Liebl. Identification Based on UHPLC-HRMS/MS Molecular Networks

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 684
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Buche ◽  
Cyril Colas ◽  
Laëtitia Fougère ◽  
Emilie Destandau
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Molecular Network ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fragmentation Patterns ◽  
The Individual

Two species of oak are dominant in French forests: pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.). Their differentiation is not straightforward but is essential to better understand their respective molecular content in order to better valorize them. Thus, to improve oak species identification, an untargeted UHPLC-HRMS/MS method associated with a two-step data treatment was developed to analyze a wide range of specialized metabolites enabling the comparison of both species of oak extracts. Pooled extracts from sessile and pedunculate oaks, composed of extracts from several trees of pure species from various origins, were compared using first the Venn diagram, as a quick way to get an initial idea of how close the extracts are, and then using a molecular network to visualize, on the one hand, the ions shared between the two species and, on the other hand, the compounds specific to one species. The molecular network showed that the two species shared common clusters mainly representative of tannins derivatives and that each species has specific molecules with similar fragmentation patterns, associated in specific clusters. This methodology was then applied to compare these two pooled extracts to unknown individuals in order to determine the species. The Venn diagram allowed for the quick presumption of the species of the individual and then the species could be assigned more precisely with the molecular network, at the level of specific clusters. This method, developed for the first time, has several interests. First, it makes it possible to discriminate the species and to correctly assign the species of unknown samples. Moreover, it gave an overview of the metabolite composition of each sample to better target oak tree utilization and valorization.

Trading space for time: Assessment of tree habitat shifts under climate change using bioclimatic envelopes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Enigl ◽  
Matthias Schlögl ◽  
Christoph Matulla
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Forest Damage ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
North East ◽  
Bioclimatic Variables ◽  
The Future ◽  
Forest District

<p>Climate change constitutes a main driver of altering population dynamics of spruce bark beetles (<em>Ips typographus</em>) all over Europe. Their swarming activity as well as development rate are strongly dependent on temperature and the availability of brood trees. Especially over the last years, the latter has substantially increased due to major drought events which led to a widespread weakening of spruce stands. Since both higher temperatures and longer drought periods are to be expected in Central Europe in the decades ahead, foresters face the challenges of maintaining sustainable forest management and safeguarding future yields. One approach used to foster decision support in silviculture relies on the identification of possible alternative tree species suitable for adapting to expected future climate conditions in threatened regions. </p><p>In this study, we focus on the forest district of Horn, a region in Austria‘s north east that is beneficially influenced by the mesoclimate of the Pannonian basin. This fertile yet dry area has been severely affected by mass propagations of <em>Ips typographus</em> due to extensive droughts since 2017, and consequently has suffered from substantial forest damage in recent years. The urgent need for action was realized and has expedited the search for more robust alternative species to ensure sustainable silviculture in the area.</p><p>The determination of suitable tree species is based on the identification of regions whose climatic conditions in the recent past are similar to those that are to be expected in the forest district of Horn in the future. To characterize these conditions, we consider 19 bioclimatic variables that are derived from monthly temperature and rainfall values. Using downscaled CMIP6 projections with a spatial resolution of 2.5 minutes, we determine future conditions in Horn throughout the 21st century. By employing 20-year periods from 2021 to 2100 for the scenarios SSP1-26, SSP2-45, SSP3-70 and SSP5-85,  and comparing them to worldwide past climate conditions, we obtain corresponding bioclimatic regions for four future time slices until the end of the century. The Euclidian distance is applied as measure of similarity, effectively yielding similarity maps on a continuous scale. In order to account for the spatial variability within the forest district, this procedure is performed for the colder northwest and the warmer southeast of the area, individually seeking similar bioclimatic regions for each of these two subregions. Results point to Eastern Europe as well as the Po Valley in northern Italy as areas exhibiting the highest similarity to the future climate in this North-Eastern part of Austria.</p>

Analysing the relationship of CO2 and O2 concentrations and flux patterns in forest soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Gartiser ◽  
Verena Lang ◽  
Martin Maier
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Relationship Of

<p>Soils act as bioreactors for the production and consumption of different gases. CO<sub>2</sub> is usually produced in soils due to the oxidation of organic material. Under aerobic conditions, this production is coupled to a consumption of O<sub>2</sub> resulting in concentration profiles that increase with depth for CO<sub>2</sub> and decrease for O<sub>2</sub>. Depending on the organic material present, the exchange of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> is approximately equimolar in well aerated soils. This can be deduced from vertical gradients of both gases which should reflect the ratio of their diffusion coefficient (Massmann 1998). The ratio between the CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> flux is often called the respiratory coefficient. However, certain soil types or conditions may invoke anaerobe processes that may lead to a decoupling of CO<sub>2</sub> production and O<sub>2</sub> consumption. Such a decoupling can also result from oxidation of minerals or dissolution and relocation of carbonates.</p><p>Here we present long-term data of soil CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> concentrations from forest sites in South West Germany. Gas samples were collected passively starting 1998 until now using permanently installed gas wells at different depths. The samples were then analysed using gas chromatography for CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> (and additionally N<sub>2</sub>, Ar, N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>).</p><p>CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> fluxes were calculated using the gradient approach (Maier et al 2020). At sites with well aerated soils, the observed CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> fluxes followed a clear linear relationship, with high effluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> corresponding to high influxes of O<sub>2</sub>. The exchange was furthermore approximately equimolar with the calculated fluxes following a -1:1 trend.</p><p>We will compare these data from well aerated soils to concentration data of CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> from less well-aerated soils with temporally suboxic conditions to further analyse the respiratory coefficient under oxygen limited conditions. Furthermore, diffusion-coefficient-normalised gradients are calculated to obtain information about the stoichiometry of the production and consumption patterns involved.</p><p> </p><p><em>Literature:</em></p><p><em>Maier M, Gartiser V, Schengel A, Lang V. Long Term Soil Gas Monitoring as Tool to Understand Soil Processes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(23):8653.</em></p><p><em>Massman, W J. A review of the molecular diffusivities of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, NO, and NO<sub>2</sub> in air, O<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> near STP. Atmospheric Environment 1998; 32(6), 1111–1127</em></p><p> </p>

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