scholarly journals Sustaining Biodiesel Production via Value-Added Applications of Glycerol

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omotola Babajide
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Energy Shift ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Petroleum Price ◽  
Conventional Diesel Fuel

The production of biofuels worldwide has been significant lately due to the shift from obtaining energy from nonrenewable energy (fossil fuels) to renewable sources (biofuels). This energy shift arose as a result of the disturbing crude petroleum price fluctuations, uncertainties about fossil fuel reserves, and greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns. With the production of biofuels increasing considerably and the current global biodiesel production from different feedstock, reaching about 6 billion liters per year, biodiesel production costs have been highly dependent on feedstock prices, ranging from 70 to 25; of total production costs, and in comparison with the conventional diesel fuel, the biodiesel is currently noncompetitive. An efficient production process is, therefore, crucial to lowering biodiesel production costs. The question of sustainability, however, arises, taking into account the African diverse conditions and how vital concerns need to be addressed. The major concern about biodiesel production costs can be reduced by finding value-added applications for its glycerol byproduct. This paper, thus, provides an overview of current research trends that could overcome the major hurdles towards profitable commercialization of biodiesel and also proposes areas of opportunity probable to capitalize the surplus glycerol obtained, for numerous applications.

scholarly journals Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (68) ◽  
pp. 41625-41679
Author(s):  
Bishwajit Changmai ◽  
Chhangte Vanlalveni ◽  
Avinash Prabhakar Ingle ◽  
Rahul Bhagat ◽  
Lalthazuala Rokhum
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Biodiesel Production

An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel.

scholarly journals Genetic engineering of microalgae lipid biosynthesis for sustainable biodiesel production

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 072-077
Author(s):  
Siti Zulaiha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Lipid Biosynthesis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Promising Alternative

Biofuel is one of the most promising alternative energy sources for reducing human reliance on fossil fuels. Microalgae has recently emerged as the most promising biofuel source. However, biofuels from microalgae are still not feasible to replace fossil fuels because of their high production costs, therefore, it is necessary to pick microalgae species with high growth rates and lipid content. Overexpression of lipid biosynthesis enzymes and inhibition of competitive metabolic pathways are two genetic engineering strategies that can be developed to assess microalgae lipid production. Malate and multienzyme enzymes (GPAT, LPAAT and DGAT) can be overexpressed in microalgae to boost lipid production. The strategy of blocking competitive metabolic pathways can be carried out through suppression of starch metabolism and lipid catabolism. The strategy of blocking competitive metabolic pathways has been carried out in several microalgae and is effective for enhancing lipid biosynthesis. Several mutations that block both the starch metabolic and lipid catabolic pathways can result in increased levels of microalgal lipid accumulation.

scholarly journals Catalysts for Biodiesel Production: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1985-1999
Author(s):  
K.A.V. Miyuranga ◽  
D. Thilakarathne ◽  
Udara S.P.R. Arachchige ◽  
R.A. Jayasinghe ◽  
N.A. Weerasekara
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
World Population ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The World

As the world population and modernization increase, energy demand increases. One of the non-sustainable energy sources is fossil fuels. However, fossil fuel consumption raises various environmental and economic issues. Most of the studies focus on sustainable energy sources, which can replace fossil fuel dependence. Biodiesel is an alternative sustainable fuel for diesel power. Biodiesel can produce through the transesterification process. Since the catalyst plays a significant role in the biodiesel yield during a defined reaction time, the addition of a catalyst can increases the reaction rate. This article is outlined the several catalysts used by multiple researchers over the years to increase biodiesel yields.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission Characteristics Using Waste Cooking Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 425-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Atiqah Ramlan ◽  
Abdul Adam Abdullah ◽  
Mohd Herzwan Hamzah ◽  
Nur Fauziah Jaharudin ◽  
Rizalman Mamat
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Conventional Diesel Fuel

The depletion of fossil fuels as well as the rises of greenhouse gases had caused most government worldwide to follow the international energy policies for the use of biodiesel. One of the economical sources for biodiesel production is waste cooking oil. The use of waste cooking oil is more sustainable if they can perform similarly to conventional diesel fuel. This paper deals with the experimental study carried out to evaluate the engine performance and exhaust emission of diesel engine operated by biodiesel from waste cooking oil at various engine speed. The biodiesel used are known as B5, which contains of 5% of waste cooking oil and 95% of diesel fuel. The other one is B20, which contains of 20% of waste cooking oil plus 80% of diesel. Diesel was used as a comparison purposes. The results show that power and torque for B5 give the closest trend to diesel. In terms of heat release, diesel still dominates the highest value compared to B5 and B20. For exhaust emission, B5 and B20 showed improvement in the reduction of NOx and PM.

scholarly journals Conversion of Cellulose into Value-Added Products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lethiwe D. Mthembu ◽  
Rishi Gupta ◽  
Nirmala Deenadayalu
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Renewable Sources ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
Alternate Source ◽  
Value Added Products

Rapid industrialization has led to development of various platform chemicals and fossil fuel refinery is one of the mainstreams for their production. However continuous depletion of fossil fuels reserves has led an urge to look for alternate source of feedstocks. Among various renewable sources, biomass is found to be most sustainable as it is replaced naturally. Biomass by virtue of its nature is comprised of various recalcitrant polymers and cellulose is one of them, which can be used for the generation of various platform chemicals. This chapter gives a background of cellulose and illustrate platform chemicals that can be produced from cellulose.

Just cuts for fossil fuels? Supply-side carbon constraints and energy transition

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1072-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Le Billon ◽  
Berit Kristoffersen
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Financial Flows

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions has generally been approached through demand-side initiatives, yet there are increasing calls for supply-side interventions to curtail fossil fuel production. Pursuing energy transition through supply-side constraints would have major geopolitical and economic consequences. Depending on the criteria and instruments applied, supply cuts for fossil fuels could drastically reduce and reorient major financial flows and reshape the spatiality of energy production and consumption. Building on debates about just transitions and supply constraints, we provide a survey of emerging interventions targeting the supply of, rather than the demand for, fossil fuels. We articulate four theories of justice and criteria to prioritize cuts among fossil fuel producers, including with regard to carbon intensity, production costs, affordability, developmental efficiency and support for climate change action. We then examine seven major supply constraint instruments, their effectiveness and possible pathways to supply cuts in the coal, oil and gas sectors. We suggest that supply cuts both reflect and offer purposeful political spaces of interventions towards a ‘just’ transition away from fossil fuel production.

scholarly journals Challenges of Downstream Processing for the Production of Biodiesel from Microalgae

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vânia Novais Pôjo
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Research Initiatives

The continuous reliance on fossil fuels is unsustainable, due to the depletion of global reserves and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with their use. Therefore, there are vigorous research initiatives intended to develop renewable alternatives. Microalgae are a promising alternative for biodiesel production and have received increasing attention during the last few decades. However, is not yet sufficiently cost-effective to compete with petroleum-based conventional fuels. This happens essentially because of downstream processing – harvesting microalgae biomass and extraction of lipids are two of the most expensive processes from the overall process. Harvesting, drying, cell disruption, oil extraction and transesterification (into biodiesel) are highlighted processes in this review article. The techniques associated with each process present advantages and handicaps that are here discussed. Improvements that will directly affect the final production costs of microalgal biomass-based biofuels are also proposed.

scholarly journals Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
Shams Forruque Ahmed ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
Sarfaraz Kamangar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generation Biofuel

Third-generation biofuel produced from microalgae is a viable solution to global energy insecurity and climate change. Despite an annual current global algal biomass production of 38 million litres, commercialization confronts significant economic challenges. However, cost minimization strategies, particularly for microalgae cultivation, have largely been excluded from recent studies. Therefore, this review provides essential insights into the technologies and economics of cost minimization strategies for large-scale applications. Cultivation of microalgae through aquafarming, in wastewater, or for biogas upgrading, and co-production of value-added products (VAPs) such as photo-bioreactors, protein, astaxanthin, and exopolysaccharides can drastically reduce biodiesel production costs. For instance, the co-production of photo-bioreactors and astaxanthin can reduce the cost of biodiesel production from $3.90 to $0.54 per litre. Though many technical challenges need to be addressed, the economic analysis reveals that incorporating such cost-effective strategies can make the biorefinery concept feasible and profitable. The cost of producing microalgal biodiesel can be lowered to $0.73kg−1 dry weight when cultivated in wastewater or $0.54L−1 when co-produced with VAPs. Most importantly, access to co-product markets with higher VAPs needs to be encouraged as the global market for microalgae-based VAPs is estimated to rise to $53.43 billion in 2026. Therefore, policies that incentivize research and development, as well as the production and consumption of microalgae-based biodiesel, are important to reduce the large gap in production cost that persists between biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

scholarly journals Life cycle cost (LCC) and the economic impact of the national biofuels development through biorefinery concept and circular economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 924 (1) ◽  
pp. 012074
Author(s):  
N A Sasongko ◽  
G A Pertiwi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Facility Construction ◽  
Palm Oil Biodiesel

Abstract The challenge in the life cycle costing (LCC) analysis of the national biofuel industry is an economic analysis to determine all production costs incurred by the production process from facility construction to waste management. Regarding the Biofuel Supply Chain, the entire process of producing palm oil biodiesel is divided into three stages: production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), production of crude palm oil (CPO), and biodiesel. LCC analysis is applied by adding an externality variable, providing comprehensive information on the cost structure of palm oil-based biodiesel production. To determine the total cost of externalities that occur due to biodiesel production, the impacts of land use, social costs and environmental costs such as emissions of air pollutants on palm oil biodiesel are considered. The results show that the LCC analysis applied by adding externality variables provides detailed information about biofuel production costs’ composition and hotspots. It can be used to determine hotspots, streamline production, obtain an overview of the most competitive total production costs, and minimize environmental impacts along its supply chain.

scholarly journals Terpenes and Terpenoids: Building Blocks to Produce Biopolymers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-492
Author(s):  
Marta. E. G. Mosquera ◽  
Gerardo Jiménez ◽  
Vanessa Tabernero ◽  
Joan Vinueza-Vaca ◽  
Carlos García-Estrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Economy Model ◽  
Value Added Products ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Polymers are essential materials in our daily life. The synthesis of value-added polymers is mainly performed from fossil fuel-derived monomers. However, the adoption of the circular economy model based on the bioeconomy will reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, biorefineries have emerged to convert biomass into bioenergy and produce high value-added products, including molecules that can be further used as building blocks for the synthesis of biopolymers and bioplastics. The achievement of catalytic systems able to polymerize the natural monomer counterparts, such as terpenes or terpenoids, is still a challenge in the development of polymers with good mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties. This review describes the most common types of bioplastics and biopolymers and focuses specifically on the polymerization of terpenes and terpenoids, which represent a source of promising monomers to create bio-based polymers and copolymers.

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