scholarly journals Cardiac-Autonomic Imbalance and Baroreflex Dysfunction in the Renovascular Angiotensin-Dependent Hypertensive Mouse

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca P. Campagnaro ◽  
Agata L. Gava ◽  
Silvana S. Meyrelles ◽  
Elisardo C. Vasquez
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Autonomic Imbalance ◽  
Reflex Control ◽  
Autonomic Reflex ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Mouse models provide powerful tools for studying the mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of the autonomic reflex control of cardiovascular function and those involved in cardiovascular diseases. The established murine model of two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) angiotensin II-dependent hypertension represents a useful tool for studying the neural control of cardiovascular function. In this paper, we discuss the main contributions from our laboratory and others regarding cardiac-autonomic imbalance and baroreflex dysfunction. We show recent data from the angiotensin-dependent hypertensive mouse demonstrating DNA damage and oxidative stress using the comet assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Finally, we highlight the relationships between angiotensin and peripheral and central nervous system areas of cardiovascular control and oxidative stress in the 2K1C hypertensive mouse.

scholarly journals Immunology and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical and Basic Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genaro G. Ortiz ◽  
Fermín P. Pacheco-Moisés ◽  
Oscar K. Bitzer-Quintero ◽  
Ana C. Ramírez-Anguiano ◽  
Luis J. Flores-Alvarado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Demyelinating Lesions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits many of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder including breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the recruitment of lymphocytes, microglia, and macrophages to lesion sites, the presence of multiple lesions, generally being more pronounced in the brain stem and spinal cord, the predominantly perivascular location of lesions, the temporal maturation of lesions from inflammation through demyelination, to gliosis and partial remyelination, and the presence of immunoglobulin in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Pro-inflammatory cytokines amplify the inflammatory cascade by compromising the BBB, recruiting immune cells from the periphery, and activating resident microglia. inflammation-associated oxidative burst in activated microglia and macrophages plays an important role in the demyelination and free radical-mediated tissue injury in the pathogenesis of MS. The inflammatory environment in demyelinating lesions leads to the generation of oxygen- and nitrogen-free radicals as well as proinflammatory cytokines which contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Inflammation can lead to oxidative stress and vice versa. Thus, oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in a self-perpetuating cycle.

Vagovagal reflex control of digestion: afferent modulation by neural and "endoneurocrine" factors

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (1) ◽  
pp. G1-G10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Rogers ◽  
D. M. McTigue ◽  
G. E. Hermann
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Dorsal Vagal Complex ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Reflex Control ◽  
Control Circuits ◽  
The Brain

Vagovagal reflex control circuits in the dorsal vagal complex of the brain stem provide overall coordination of gastric, small intestinal, and pancreatic digestive functions. The neural components forming these reflex circuits are under substantial descending neural control. By adjusting the excitability of the differing components of the reflex, significant alterations in digestion control can be produced by the central nervous system. Additionally, the dorsal vagal complex is situated within a circumventricular region without a "blood-brain barrier." As a result, vagovagal reflex circuitry is also exposed to humoral influences, which can profoundly alter digestive functions by acting directly on brain stem neurons.

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