scholarly journals Inter- and Intraspecific Variation in Drosophila Genes with Sex-Biased Expression

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Müller ◽  
Sonja Grath ◽  
Korbinian von Heckel ◽  
John Parsch
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Molecular Evolution ◽  
Protein Sequence ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Expression Divergence ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Dimorphic Expression

Genes with sexually dimorphic expression (sex-biased genes) often evolve rapidly and are thought to make an important contribution to reproductive isolation between species. We examined the molecular evolution of sex-biased genes in Drosophila melanogaster and D. ananassae, which represent two independent lineages within the melanogaster group. We find that strong purifying selection limits protein sequence variation within species, but that a considerable fraction of divergence between species can be attributed to positive selection. In D. melanogaster, the proportion of adaptive substitutions between species is greatest for male-biased genes and is especially high for those on the X chromosome. In contrast, male-biased genes do not show unusually high variation within or between populations. A similar pattern is seen at the level of gene expression, where sex-biased genes show high expression divergence between species, but low divergence between populations. In D. ananassae, there is no increased rate of adaptation of male-biased genes, suggesting that the type or strength of selection acting on sex-biased genes differs between lineages.

scholarly journals A role for microRNAs in the epigenetic control of sexually dimorphic gene expression in the human placenta

Epigenomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 1543-1558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A Eaves ◽  
Preeyaphan Phookphan ◽  
Julia E Rager ◽  
Jacqueline Bangma ◽  
Hudson P Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Dimorphic Gene Expression ◽  
Dimorphic Expression

Aim: The contribution of miRNAs as epigenetic regulators of sexually dimorphic gene expression in the placenta is unknown. Materials & methods: 382 placentas from the extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGAN) cohort were evaluated for expression levels of 37,268 mRNAs and 2,102 miRNAs using genome-wide RNA-sequencing. Differential expression analysis was used to identify differences in the expression based on the sex of the fetus. Results: Sexually dimorphic expression was observed for 128 mRNAs and 59 miRNAs. A set of 25 miRNA master regulators was identified that likely contribute to the sexual dimorphic mRNA expression. Conclusion: These data highlight sex-dependent miRNA and mRNA patterning in the placenta and provide insight into a potential mechanism for observed sex differences in outcomes.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism in gene expression and regulatory networks across human tissues

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho-Yi Chen ◽  
Camila Lopes-Ramos ◽  
Marieke L. Kuijjer ◽  
Joseph N. Paulson ◽  
Abhijeet R. Sonawane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Differential Network ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Dimorphic Expression

SummarySexual dimorphism manifests in many diseases and may drive sex-specific therapeutic responses. To understand the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism, we conducted a comprehensive assessment of gene expression and regulatory network modeling in 31 tissues using 8716 human transcriptomes from GTEx. We observed sexually dimorphic patterns of gene expression involving as many as 60% of autosomal genes, depending on the tissue. Interestingly, sex hormone receptors do not exhibit sexually dimorphic expression in most tissues; however, differential network targeting by hormone receptors and other transcription factors (TFs) captures their downstream sexually dimorphic gene expression. Furthermore, differential network wiring was found extensively in several tissues, particularly in brain, in which not all regions exhibit strong differential expression. This systems-based analysis provides a new perspective on the drivers of sexual dimorphism, one in which a repertoire of TFs plays important roles in sex-specific rewiring of gene regulatory networks.HighlightsSexual dimorphism manifests in both gene expression and gene regulatory networksSubstantial sexual dimorphism in regulatory networks was found in several tissuesMany differentially regulated genes are not differentially expressedSex hormone receptors do not exhibit sexually dimorphic expression in most tissues

scholarly journals Growth Hormone Pretranslationally Regulates the Sexually Dimorphic Expression of the Prolactin Receptor Gene in Rat Liver

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 1235-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Robertson ◽  
Lars-Arne Haldosén ◽  
Timothy J. J. Wood ◽  
Maureen K. Steed ◽  
Jan-Åke Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Prolactin Receptor Gene ◽  
Dimorphic Expression

Neuropeptide signalling shapes feeding and reproductive behaviours in male C. elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Gadenne ◽  
Iris Hardege ◽  
Djordji Suleski ◽  
Paris Jaggers ◽  
Isabel Beets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Connectivity ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Mating Efficiency ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Pharyngeal Pumping ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Feeding Behaviours ◽  
Dimorphic Expression

Sexual dimorphism occurs where different sexes of the same species display differences in characteristics not limited to reproduction. For the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which the complete neuroanatomy has been solved for both hermaphrodites and males, sexually dimorphic features have been observed both in terms of the number of neurons and in synaptic connectivity. In addition, male behaviours, such as food-leaving to prioritise searching for mates, have been attributed to neuropeptides released from sex-shared or sex-specific neurons. In this study, we show that the lury-1 neuropeptide gene shows a sexually dimorphic expression pattern; being expressed in pharyngeal neurons in both sexes but displaying additional expression in tail neurons only in the male. We also show that lury-1 mutant animals show sex differences in feeding behaviours, with pharyngeal pumping elevated in hermaphrodites but reduced in males. LURY-1 also modulates male mating efficiency, influencing motor events during contact with a hermaphrodite. Our findings indicate sex-specific roles of this peptide in feeding and reproduction in C. elegans, providing further insight into neuromodulatory control of sexually dimorphic behaviours.

scholarly journals Variable sexually dimorphic gene expression in laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster

BMC Genomics ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean A Baker ◽  
Lisa A Meadows ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Julian AT Dow ◽  
Steven Russell
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Dimorphic Gene Expression

Sexually dimorphic expression of myosin heavy chains in the adult mouse masseter

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane M. Eason ◽  
Gail A. Schwartz ◽  
Grace K. Pavlath ◽  
Arthur W. English
Keyword(s):  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Masticatory Muscles ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Dimorphic Expression

Little is known regarding the role of androgenic hormones in the maintenance of myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of rodent masticatory muscles. Because the masseter is the principal jaw closer in rodents, we felt it was important to characterize the influence of androgenic hormones on the MHC composition of the masseter. To determine the extent of sexual dimorphism in the phenotype of masseter muscle fibers of adult (10-mo-old) C57 mice, we stained tissue sections with antibodies specific to type IIa and IIb MHC isoforms. Females contain twice as many fibers containing the IIa MHC as males, and males contain twice as many fibers containing the IIb MHC as females. There is a modest amount of regionalization of MHC phenotypes in the mouse masseter. The rostral portions of the masseter are composed mostly of type IIa fibers, whereas the midsuperficial and caudal regions contain mostly type IIb fibers. Using immunoblots, we showed that castration results in an increase in the expression of type IIa MHC fibers in males. Ovariectomy has no effect on the fiber type composition in females. We conclude that testosterone plays a role in the maintenance of MHC expression in the adult male mouse masseter.

SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC EXPRESSION OF ANDROGEN RECEPTORS IN THE FETAL SHEEP ADRENAL GLAND

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (Suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 119-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Gay ◽  
Sarah Campbell ◽  
Alan McNeilly ◽  
W. Colin Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Androgen Receptors ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic Expression ◽  
Dimorphic Expression
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