scholarly journals Bark Beetles,Pityogenes bidentatus, Orienting to Aggregation Pheromone Avoid Conifer Monoterpene Odors When Flying but Not When Walking

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Slow Rotation ◽  
Scotch Pine ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Pheromone Components ◽  
Males And Females

Previous studies and data presented here suggest that odors from healthy host Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and nonhost Norway spruce (Picea abies), as well as major monoterpenes of these trees at natural release rates, significantly reduce the attraction of flying bark beetles,Pityogenes bidentatus, of both sexes to their aggregation pheromone components grandisol andcis-verbenol in the field, as tested by slow rotation of trap pairs. In contrast,P. bidentatusmales and females walking in an open-arena olfactometer in the laboratory did not avoid monoterpene vapors at release rates spanning several orders of magnitude in combination with aggregation pheromone. The bark beetle may avoid monoterpenes when flying as a mechanism for avoiding nonhost species, vigorous and thus unsuitable host trees, as well as harmful resinous areas of hosts. Inhibition of this flight avoidance response in beetles after landing would allow them to initiate, or to find and enter, gallery holes with high monoterpene vapor concentrations in order to feed and reproduce.

scholarly journals Influence of biochar on coniferous species seeds germinating ability and seedlings growth in protected ground conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.С. Дурова ◽  
А.В. Жигунов
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Fungal Disease ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Scotch Pine ◽  
Different Doses

Улучшение агрохимических, физико-химических и биологических показателей почвы в результате внесения в почву биоугля в качестве мелиоранта доказано множеством исследований. Наиболее эффективным при выращивании сельскохозяйственных культур оказалось применение мелиоранта в дозах от 1 до 30 т/га биоугля. Однако вопрос о влияния биоугля на рост сеянцев хвойных пород в условиях закрытого грунта на искусственных субстратах в научной литературе затронут не был. Целью исследования была оценка влияния различных доз биоугля на развитие грибных инфекций и рост однолетних сеянцев, выращиваемых на торфяных субстратах в условиях теплиц летнего типа. Объектами исследования были семена и однолетние сеянцы ели обыкновенной (Picea abies (L.), Karst.), сосны обыкновенной (Pínus sylvéstris L.) и лиственницы европейской (Larix decidua Mill.). Биоуголь вносился в торфяной субстрат, в дозах 5 и 10 т/га. Оценка влияния различных доз биоугля на рост и развитие сеянцев проводилась по показателям всхожести семян, отпада сеянцев, степени грибного поражения сеянцев и динамики роста сеянцев. Полученные данные говорят о различном влиянии биоугля на показатели роста и развития сеянцев различных хвойных пород в теплицах. Наибольшее положительное влияние внесение биоугля оказало на рост и развитие сеянцев лиственницы. Внесение как 5, так и 10 т/га биоугля дало достоверное (в 2 и 1,5 раза соответственно) увеличение всхожести, а также увеличение биометрических параметров сеянцев высоты и массы побега. В условиях закрытого грунта создаются наиболее благоприятные условия для роста и развития сеянцев. Однако эти же условия благоприятны и для развития грибных инфекционных заболеваний сеянцев. Следует отметить достоверное снижение отпада и уменьшение грибного поражения сеянцев при внесении биоугля в опытах со всеми испытываемыми хвойными породами. Максимальный эффект был получен в варианте с внесением 10 т/га биоугля при выращивании сеянцев лиственницы. Количество пораженных грибными заболеваниями растений снизилось с 60% в контроле до 41% в опыте. Improvement of agrochemical, physical-chemical and biological performance of soil due to introduction of biochar as ameliorant has been proved by a great number of researches. Biochar doses of 1 to 30 t/ha are considered most effective in farm production. However the effect of biochar application on germinating ability of coniferous seeds and seedlings growing on man-made substrate in greenhouses has not been considered in literature yet. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of different doses of biochar on the development of fungal infections and growth of one-year seedlings in containers with peat substrate in summer greenhouses. The study was carried out with seeds and seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.), Karst.), Scotch pine (Pínus sylvéstris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). Biochar was added into peat substrate in doses of 5 and 10 t/h. The effect of different doses of biochar on growth and development of seedlings was estimated based on the germination index, seedlings fall value, extent of fungal disease development, and seedling growth dynamics. The results have shown that introduction of biocar produces different effects on growth rate and development of seedlings of different species. The highest positive effect was observed for growth and development of larch seedlings. Application of biochar in doses of 5 and 10 t/h resulted in significant 2- and 1.5-fold increase in germination, accordingly, and increment in biometric parameters (height and diameter) and mass of the seedlings. Greenhouses provide the most favorable conditions for growth of seedlings. However, the same conditions are favorable for the development of fungal infection as well. Application of biochar has decreased the fungal attack and, as a result, the fall of seedlings of all species. Application of biochar in the dose of 10 t/ha has produced the maximum effect on larch seedlings. The number of plants attacked by fungal disease has decreased from 60% in the control group without biochar to 41% in the experiment with biochar application.

scholarly journals Comparison of phoretic mites associated with bark beetles Ips typographus and Ips cembrae from central Croatia

2016 ◽  
Vol 140 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 560-560
Author(s):  
Stefan F. Wirth ◽  
Olivia Weis ◽  
Milan Pernek
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
Ips Cembrae

Na nekoliko lokacija u Hrvatskoj (Nova Gradiška, Koprivnica, Gospić i Jastrebarsko) sa različitih vrsta drveća (Picea abies, Larix decidua i Pinus sylvestris) sakupljani su različiti stadiji ariševog potkornjaka, Ips cembrae i smrekinog pisara, Ips typographus te supstrat iz njihovih hodnika u svrhu sakupljana i identifikacije foretičkih grinja. Izravno sa tijela potkornjaka determinirano je 4 vrsta grinja: Iponemus gaebleri (Tarsenomidae), Histiostoma piceae (Astigmata, Histiostomatoidea), Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus (Gamasina) i Urobovella sp. (Uropodidae). Iponemus gaebleri bila je najčešća nađena vrsta kod obiju vrsta potkornjaka. Tri druge vtrste sakupljene su izravno iz hodničkih sustava. Istraživana su i mjesta spajanja foretičkih grinja s potkornjacima. Iponemus gaebleri i D. quadrisetus tako se najčešće nalaze na obronku zadka, dok se foretičke deutonimfe porodice Histiostomatidae obično nalaze na ventralnoj strani prsišta. Statističkom anlizom potvrđen je jasna preferencija I. gaebleri na I. cembrae. Mladi još nezreli kukci Ips cembrae, koji izlaze iz materinjih hodnika nose signifikantno više foretičkih grinja nego roditeljski. Ženke neidentifcirane vrste roda Histiostoma nađene su u hodnicima I. typographus. Grinje su uglavnom bile pokrivene s većim brojem neidentificiranim sporama gljiva iz skupine Ascomycota (Hypocreales). U radu se daje dihotomski ključ za identifikaciju larvi i protonimfi za porodicu Histiostomatidae.

scholarly journals Identification of male produced compounds in the bark beetle Polygraphus subopacus and establishment of (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol as an aggregation pheromone component

Chemoecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Viklund ◽  
Joakim Bång ◽  
Martin Schroeder ◽  
Erik Hedenström
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Minor Compound

AbstractBark beetles of the genus Polygraphus have recently been involved in large bark beetle outbreaks in central Sweden, together with the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Three species of Polygraphus can be found in this region; Polygraphus poligraphus, Polygraphus punctifrons and Polygraphus subopacus. Efficient pheromone traps would facilitate further investigations of these species and their role in bark beetle outbreaks. Pheromone compounds have previously been identified in P. poligraphus and P. punctifrons, but not in P. subopacus. Thus, we allowed males and females of P. subopacus to bore in the bark of stem sections of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in the laboratory. Volatile organic compounds from boring insects were sampled with SPME and analysed with GC–MS and several male-specific compounds were observed. The male specific compounds were 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-2-butenal, grandisol, fragranol, (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, (E)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde, (E)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-acetaldehyde, geranial and γ-isogeraniol. (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene)-ethanol, [(Z)-DMCHE], was identified from GC–MS analysis to be the major male-specific compound while the (E)-isomer, [(E)-DMCHE], was found as a minor compound. These two compounds gave positive responses in EAG analyses with antennae from males and females of P. subopacus. Thus, (Z)- and (E)-DMCHE were used in a field experiment in central Sweden but only (Z)-DMCHE was found to be attractive to males and females of P. subopacus. Consequently, (Z)-DMCHE was established to be a component of P. subopacus aggregation pheromone.

scholarly journals Host-Tree Monoterpenes and Biosynthesis of Aggregation Pheromones in the Bark BeetleIps paraconfusus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Byers ◽  
Göran Birgersson
Keyword(s):  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Ips Paraconfusus ◽  
Pheromone Biosynthesis ◽  
Host Plant Selection ◽  
Aggregation Pheromones ◽  
Host Trees

A paradigm developed in the 1970s thatIpsbark beetles biosynthesize their aggregation pheromone components ipsenol and ipsdienol by hydroxylating myrcene, a host tree monoterpene. Similarly, hostα-pinene was hydroxylated to a third pheromone componentcis-verbenol. In 1990, however, we reported that amounts of ipsenol and ipsdienol produced by maleIps paraconfusus(Coleoptera: Scolytinae) feeding in five host pine species were nearly the same, even though no detectable myrcene precursor was detected in one of these pines (Pinus sabiniana). Subsequent research showed ipsenol and ipsdienol are also biosynthesized from smaller precursors such as acetate and mevalonate, and thisde novopathway is the major one, while host tree myrcene conversion by the beetle is the minor one. We report concentrations of myrcene,α-pinene and other major monoterpenes in five pine hosts (Pinus ponderosa,P. lambertiana,P. jeffreyi,P. sabiniana, andP. contorta) ofI. paraconfusus. A scheme for biosynthesis of ipsdienol and ipsenol from myrcene and possible metabolites such as ipsenone is presented. Mass spectra and quantities of ipsenone are reported and its possible role in biosynthesis of aggregation pheromone. Coevolution of bark beetles and host trees is discussed in relation to pheromone biosynthesis, host plant selection/suitability, and plant resistance.

scholarly journals Picea abies–Armillaria–Ips: A Strategy or Coincidence?

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1023
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Sierota ◽  
Wojciech Grodzki
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Progressive Die ◽  
Host Trees

Norway spruce trees weakened by soil drought and progressive die-off of mycorrhizas in root systems become susceptible to infection by rhizomorphs of Armillaria spp. The developing mycelium of this necrotroph induces resin channels in wood, and the induced resin releases some volatile compounds which falsely signal bark beetles that it is safe to invade the host. As a result of the developing beetle outbreak, host trees die, becoming a long-term stock of substrate for the fungus in its saprotrophic stage. This hypothesis is discussed as a fungal survival strategy.

scholarly journals Distribution of the Genus Ceratocystiopsis (Ascomycota, Ophiostomatales) on Conifers in Norway, With Description of Four New Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jankowiak ◽  
Halvor Solheim ◽  
Piotr Bilański ◽  
Jigeesha Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Georg Hausner
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
The World ◽  
Isolated Species

Abstract The genus Ceartocystiopsis includes ascomycetes fungi belonging to the Ophiostomatales that are not well recognized in the world. Described species so far have been found mainly in association with bark beetles in the Northern Hemisphere. The aims of this study were therefore to survey of distribution of species of Ceratocystiopsis associated with bark beetles infesting Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Norway. Adults for 22 different bark beetle species were collected from 13 stands in Norway. During this study, we recovered 126 isolates showing affinities to Ceratocystiopsis representing six species, including two described and four undescribed taxa. The four undescribed taxa collected during this work were characterised based on their morphological characteristics and multi-gene phylogenies. Herein, we describe these new species as Ceratocystiopsis chalcographii sp. nov., Ceratocystiopsis debeeria sp. nov., Ceratocystiopsis norroenii sp. nov. and Ceratocystiopsis troendelagii sp. nov. Ceratocystiopsis norroenii and C. rollhanseniana were the most frequently isolated species although the latter species had a much wider vector range. This study expands our knowledge about the taxonomy and species diversity of Ceratocystiopsis and beetle-fungus relationships.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document