scholarly journals Corn-Soybean Rotation Systems in the Mississippi Delta: Implications on Mycotoxin Contamination and Soil Populations ofAspergillus flavus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed K. Abbas ◽  
Nacer Bellaloui ◽  
Robert M. Zablotowicz ◽  
H. Arnold Bruns ◽  
Anne M. Gillen
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination

The effect of corn-soybean rotation on mycotoxin contamination in corn (Zea maysL.) and soybean (Glycine maxL. Merrill.) grains has not been fully evaluated. Therefore, this research investigated the effect of corn-soybean rotation on aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in respective grains. The results showed that aflatoxin levels in soybean averaged 2.3,<0.5, 0.6, and 6.8 ng/g in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008, while corn aflatoxin levels were 16.7, 37.1, 2.4, and 54.8 ng/g, respectively.Aspergillus flavuscolonization was significantly greater (P≤0.05) in corn (log 1.9, 2.9, and 4.0 cfu/g) compared to soybean (<1.3, 2.6, and 2.7 cfu/g) in 2005, 2007, and 2008, respectively. AflatoxigenicA. flavusisolates were more frequent in corn than in soybean in all four years. Higher fumonisin levels were found in corn (0.2 to 3.6 μg/g) than in soybean (<0.2 μg/g). Rotating soybean with corn reduces the potential for aflatoxin contamination in corn by reducingA. flavuspropagules in soil and grain and reducing aflatoxigenicA. flavuscolonization. These results demonstrated that soybean grain is less susceptible to aflatoxin contamination compared to corn due to a lower level of colonization byA. flavuswith a greater occurrence of non-aflatoxigenic isolates.

Spatial variability of Aspergillus flavus soil populations under different crops and corn grain colonization and aflatoxins

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
H K Abbas ◽  
R M Zablotowicz ◽  
M A Locke
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Corn Kernels

Aflatoxin contamination in corn caused by Aspergillus flavus Link is a serious constraint on economical corn (Zea mays L.) production in the Mississippi Delta. The ecology of A. flavus was evaluated in a 3-year study assessing the spatial variability of soil populations of A. flavus in a Mississippi Delta field under different crops. A 1.07-ha section of the field was laid out in 126 9.2-m2 plots, and soil was sampled in May 2000, March 2001, and April 2002. Aspergillus flavus populations were determined by plating on selective media, and A. flavus colonization was assessed in corn during 2000. Aspergillus flavus populations in soil were significantly (P < 0.01 level) influenced by previous crop. The highest propagule density (794 cfu·g–1) was found following the corn crop in 2001 versus 251 cfu·g–1 soil in 2000 following cotton and 457 cfu·g–1 following wheat in 2002. Aspergillus flavus populations in 2001 and 2002 exhibited a moderate degree of spatial structure, described by spherical and exponential models, respectively, but populations in 2000 exhibited little spatial structure. Colonization of corn kernels by A. flavus in 2000 ranged from 0% to 100% (mean = 15% colonized kernels), and aflatoxin levels ranged from 0 to 1590 ppb (mean = 57 ppb). Aflatoxin levels were randomly distributed in the field and not correlated with A. flavus colonization. Aflatoxin production was found in 43% to 59% of A. flavus soil isolates with the highest incidence in soil populations following corn in 2001. However, 84% of A. flavus isolated from corn kernels produced aflatoxin. Results indicate that within a single field there was a wide range of A. flavus soil propagule densities varying in potential to produce aflatoxin.Key words: Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxins, soil, corn (Zea mays), cotton, wheat, spatial variability.

IMPACT OF HUSK TYPE AND SPECIES OF INFESTING INSECTS ON AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN PREHARVEST CORN AT TIFTON, GEORGIA

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. McMillian ◽  
N. W. Widstrom ◽  
D. M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Heliothis Zea ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Sitophilus Zeamais ◽  
Corn Borers ◽  
Dent Corn

The use of plants that resist insects has been suggested as a potential means of reducing aflatoxin contamination in some crops. Dent corn, Zea mays L., germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively tight, complete husk cover and germplasm possessing the characteristic of a relatively loose, incomplete husk cover on the ear were evaluated for 3 years at Tifton, GA, for aflatoxin contamination. In two of the three test years, corn ears with tight, complete husk cover sustained significantly lower mean amounts of aflatoxin than ears with loose, incomplete husk cover following artificial inoculation with Aspergillus flavus Link spores. Ears hand-infested with maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), sustained significantly higher amounts of aflatoxin (329 ng·g−1) than ears infested with fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), (80 ng·g−1), European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), (71 ng·g−1), or corn earworms Heliothis zea (Boddie) (60 ng·g−1). Overall, ears in the check (inoculated with A. flavus only) sustained significantly lower aflatoxin (37 ng·g−1) amounts than ears from plots supplemented with insects. Although insects were not applied in the check plots, some damage was observed on the ears.

Aflatoxin Contamination in Corn Differs Among Inoculation Techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Arnold Bruns ◽  
Hamed K. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Block Designs ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Silty Clay Soil

Aflatoxin research in corn (Zea mays L.) usually requires application of inoculum of Aspergillus flavus to soil or plant ears. The pin-bar vs. side-needle or spray vs. solid material inoculations using A. flavus isolate F3W4 (NRRL 30798) were compared in 2004, 2006, and 2007 using three hybrids in two irrigated experiments each year at Stoneville, MS. Both were planted on a silty clay soil in randomized complete block designs with four replications of treatments. Mature ears inoculated by the pin-bar, side-needle, or spray methods were analyzed for aflatoxin. Ears from controls and solid material inoculum treatments were sampled for analysis at plot harvest. Pin-bar inoculation had more aflatoxin in 2004 (551.9 ng/g) and 2006 (305.8 ng/g) than side-needle inoculation (342.2 ng/g and 151.1 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively), which was greater than controls (76.8 ng/g and 21.6 ng/g for 2004 and 2006, respectively). Solid material inoculation did not differ in aflatoxin from controls. Spraying produced the most aflatoxin (344.1 ng/g) only in 2004. Aflatoxin was low in 2007 when timely rainfall, irrigation, and no temperatures ≥ 35°C resulted in only the pin-bar (20.8 ng/g) and solid material (20.6 ng/g) treatments having > 2.0 ng/g of aflatoxin. Accepted for publication 26 March 2010. Published 1 June 2010.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Incidence of Aspergillus flavus in Farmer’s Field and Stored Maize (Zea mays) Seed in Northern Region of Ghana

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Elias Nortaa Kunedeb Sowley ◽  
Frederick Kankam ◽  
Edmond Tawiah
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Tamale Metropolis ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Storage Structures

Aspergillus flavus is predominant among other fungi species responsible for aflatoxin contamination of crops on the field and in storage. A study was conducted to determine the incidence of Aspergillus flavus in maize seeds from various sources. Sixty (60) maize seed samples were collected from farmers and marketers from different storage structures within Tamale metropolis, Savelugu and Tolon districts,northern region of Ghana. Three different fungi species were isolated from the maize samples. These were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium spp. Total fungi species differed significantly. Tamale metropolis recorded the least occurrence of fungi species. Aspergillus flavus recorded varied occurrences across all three districts with the highest incidence recorded in Savelugu (42%). Aspergillus flavus was found predominant in maize from the markets than maize from the farmers. The incidences of Aspergillus flavus varied with the method of storage. Storage using cocoa sack recorded the highest incidence (69%), with the lowest (13%) in hanging shed. Aspergillus flavus was however found to be associated with maize from all three districts studied. Proper drying and use of proper storage structures are recommended as a way of combating the high incidences of Aspergillus flavus.

scholarly journals Water Use Efficiencies of Different Maturity Group Soybean Cultivars in the Humid Mississippi Delta

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1496
Author(s):  
Srinivasa R. Pinnamaneni ◽  
Saseendran S. Anapalli ◽  
Daniel K. Fisher ◽  
Krishna N. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Production System ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Water Use Efficiencies

Introducing alternative cultivars with enhanced water use efficiencies can help alleviate pressure on groundwater for crop irrigations in Mississippi (MS) Delta. A two-year field study was conducted in 2019–2020 to compare the water use efficiencies (WUE) of recently released and pre-released soybean {Glycine max (L.) Merr.} cultivars in maturity group (MG) III (‘P37A78’, ‘LG03-4561-14’), IV (‘Dyna-gro 4516x’, ‘DS25-1, DT97-4290’), and V (‘S12-1362’, ‘S14-16306’) in the MS Delta. The experimental design was a split-plot with cultivar as the first factor and the second factor was water variant irrigation (IR) and no irrigation (RF, rainfed), replicated three times. The MG IV cultivar Dyna-gro 4516x recorded the highest grain yield and WUE: grain yields were 4.58 Mg ha−1 and 3.89 Mg ha−1 under IR and RF, respectively in 2019, and 4.74 Mg ha−1 and 4.35 Mg ha−1 in 2020. The WUE were 7.2 and 6.9 kg ha−1 mm−1, respectively, in 2019 under IR and RF, and 13.4 and 16.9 kg ha−1 mm−1 in 2020. The data reveals that ‘Dyna-gro 4516x’ (MG IV), ‘LG03-4561-14’ (MG III), and ‘P37A78’ (MG III) are best adapted to the early soybean production system (ESPS) in MS Delta region for sustainable production for conserving water resources.

scholarly journals Revisiting an Aspergillus flavus Strain Isolated from an Egyptian Sugarcane Field in 1930

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Mohamed F. Abdallah ◽  
Kris Audenaert ◽  
Sarah De Saeger ◽  
Jos Houbraken
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Type B ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Sugarcane Field ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Shed Light

The aflatoxin type B and G producer Aspergillus novoparasiticus was described in 2012 and was firstly reported from sputum, hospital air (Brazil), and soil (Colombia). Later, several survey studies reported the occurrence of this species in different foods and other agricultural commodities from several countries worldwide. This short communication reports on an old fungal strain (CBS 108.30), isolated from Pseudococcus sacchari (grey sugarcane mealybug) from an Egyptian sugarcane field in (or before) 1930. This strain was initially identified as Aspergillus flavus; however, using the latest taxonomy schemes, the strain is, in fact, A. novoparasiticus. These data and previous reports indicate that A. novoparasiticus is strongly associated with sugarcane, and pre-harvest biocontrol approaches with non-toxigenic A. novoparasiticus strains are likely to be more successful than those using non-toxigenic A. flavus strains. Further studies on the association between A. novoparasiticus and Pseudococcus sacchari might shed light on the distribution (and aflatoxin contamination) of this species in sugarcane. Additionally, the interaction between A. novoparasiticus, Pseudococcus sacchari, and sugarcane crop under different scenarios of climate change will be critical in order to get more insight into the host–pathogen interaction and host resistance and propose appropriate prevention strategies to decrease mycotoxin contamination and crop loss due to A. novoparasiticus attack.

scholarly journals A Novel Niosome-Encapsulated Essential Oil Formulation to Prevent Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Grains During Storage

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
García-Díaz ◽  
Patiño ◽  
Vázquez ◽  
Gil-Serna
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Oil Formulation ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Encapsulation Method

Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of maize is a major concern for food safety. The use of chemical fungicides is controversial, and it is necessary to develop new effective methods to control Aspergillus flavus growth and, therefore, to avoid the presence of AFs in grains. In this work, we tested in vitro the effect of six essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants. We selected those from Satureja montana and Origanum virens because they show high levels of antifungal and antitoxigenic activity at low concentrations against A. flavus. EOs are highly volatile compounds and we have developed a new niosome-based encapsulation method to extend their shelf life and activity. These new formulations have been successfully applied to reduce fungal growth and AF accumulation in maize grains in a small-scale test, as well as placing the maize into polypropylene woven bags to simulate common storage conditions. In this latter case, the antifungal properties lasted up to 75 days after the first application.

Influence of phosphate status on phosphate uptake kinetics of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max)

1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jungk ◽  
C. J. Asher ◽  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
D. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Phosphate Uptake ◽  
Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of
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