scholarly journals Perinatal Programming of Asthma: The Role of Gut Microbiota

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan B. Azad ◽  
Anita L. Kozyrskyj
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Caesarean Delivery ◽  
System Development ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Perinatal Programming ◽  
Immune System Development ◽  
Dominant Theory

Perinatal programming, a dominant theory for the origins of cardiovascular disease, proposes that environmental stimuli influence developmental pathways during critical periods of prenatal and postnatal development, inducing permanent changes in metabolism. In this paper, we present evidence for the perinatal programming of asthma via the intestinal microbiome. While epigenetic mechanisms continue to provide new explanations for the programming hypothesis of asthma development, it is increasingly apparent that the intestinal microbiota plays an independent and potentially interactive role. Commensal gut bacteria are essential to immune system development, and exposures disrupting the infant gut microbiota have been linked to asthma. This paper summarizes the recent findings that implicate caesarean delivery, breastfeeding, perinatal stress, probiotics, and antibiotics as modifiers of infant gut microbiota in the development of asthma.

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota: A Novel Target to Improve Anti-Tumor Treatment?

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Villéger ◽  
Amélie Lopès ◽  
Guillaume Carrier ◽  
Julie Veziant ◽  
Elisabeth Billard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Target

Recently, preclinical and clinical studies targeting several types of cancer strongly supported the key role of the gut microbiota in the modulation of host response to anti-tumoral therapies such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and even surgery. Intestinal microbiome has been shown to participate in the resistance to a wide range of anticancer treatments by direct interaction with the treatment or by indirectly stimulating host response through immunomodulation. Interestingly, these effects were described on colorectal cancer but also in other types of malignancies. In addition to their role in therapy efficacy, gut microbiota could also impact side effects induced by anticancer treatments. In the first part of this review, we summarized the role of the gut microbiome on the efficacy and side effects of various anticancer treatments and underlying mechanisms. In the second part, we described the new microbiota-targeting strategies, such as probiotics and prebiotics, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and physical activity, which could be effective adjuvant therapies developed in order to improve anticancer therapeutic efficiency.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-induced acceleration of type 1 diabetes alters maturation of innate intestinal immunity

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Song Zhang ◽  
Jackie Li ◽  
Kimberly A Krautkramer ◽  
Michelle Badri ◽  
Thomas Battaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Early Life ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Immune System Development

The early-life intestinal microbiota plays a key role in shaping host immune system development. We found that a single early-life antibiotic course (1PAT) accelerated type 1 diabetes (T1D) development in male NOD mice. The single course had deep and persistent effects on the intestinal microbiome, leading to altered cecal, hepatic, and serum metabolites. The exposure elicited sex-specific effects on chromatin states in the ileum and liver and perturbed ileal gene expression, altering normal maturational patterns. The global signature changes included specific genes controlling both innate and adaptive immunity. Microbiome analysis revealed four taxa each that potentially protect against or accelerate T1D onset, that were linked in a network model to specific differences in ileal gene expression. This simplified animal model reveals multiple potential pathways to understand pathogenesis by which early-life gut microbiome perturbations alter a global suite of intestinal responses, contributing to the accelerated and enhanced T1D development.

scholarly journals The Colonization and Establishment of the Neonatal Mammalian Microbiome

Fine Focus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Victoria A. Kouritzin ◽  
Leluo Guan
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
System Development ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Calf Diarrhea ◽  
Immune System Development

In current agriculture practices, such as the dairy industry, the use of antibiotics is being discouraged due to the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. However, antibiotics are used commonly to treat calf diarrhea, which is a serious issue that negatively influences calf health, growth, and development. Recent research highlights the gut microbiota as a potential source to improve the gut health of a calf, which could minimize the antibiotic use. However, limited knowledge is available for the early life gut microbiota and its relationship with calf’s performance. It is known that the microbiota has an influence on immune system development, as well as behavioral development, and metabolic development. Further, an atypical microbial population, or a microbial shift, has been linked to autoimmune, anxiety and metabolic disorders. The process of microbial and host interactions starts at birth, suggesting that mammals are initially colonized by microbes immediately following and during birth. Differing modes of delivery, caesarian or vaginal delivery, and possibly the length of time of the birthing process, may determine initial colonization of the infant. Further, the establishment of the microbiota can be influenced by host genetics, diet, and maternal environment. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the current understanding of the neonatal mammalian microbiota obtained from human and mice studies, and to outline future research directions on microbial colonization and possible manipulation strategies that can be used to manipulate the gut microbiota in dairy calves. By understanding the process of how mammals and microbes interact it is possible to better target future research in order to solve the problem of calf diarrhea.

scholarly journals Early-Life Intervention Using Fecal Microbiota Combined with Probiotics Promotes Gut Microbiota Maturation, Regulates Immune System Development, and Alleviates Weaning Stress in Piglets

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanhang Xiang ◽  
Xiaoyu Wu ◽  
Ye Pan ◽  
Liu Wang ◽  
Chenbin Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Early Life ◽  
System Development ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Life Period ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
Immune System Development

Previous studies have suggested that immune system development and weaning stress are closely related to the maturation of gut microbiota. The early-life period is a “window of opportunity” for microbial colonization, which potentially has a critical impact on the development of the immune system. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and probiotics are often used to regulate gut microbial colonization. This study aims to test whether early intervention with FMT using fecal microbiota from gestation sows combined with Clostridium butyricum and Saccharomyces boulardii (FMT-CS) administration could promote the maturation of gut microbiota and development of immune system in piglets. Piglets were assigned to control (n = 84) and FMT-CS treatment (n = 106), which were treated with placebo and bacterial suspension during the first three days after birth, respectively. By 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found that FMT-CS increased the α-diversity and reduced the unweighted UniFrac distances of the OTU community. Besides, FMT-CS increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, while decreasing that of opportunistic pathogens. FMT-CS also enhanced the relative abundance of genes related to cofactors and vitamin, energy, and amino acid metabolisms during the early-life period. ELISA analysis revealed that FMT-CS gave rise to the plasma concentrations of IL-23, IL-17, and IL-22, as well as the plasma levels of anti-M.hyo and anti-PCV2 antibodies. Furthermore, the FMT-CS-treated piglets showed decreases in inflammation levels and oxidative stress injury, and improvement of intestinal barrier function after weaning as well. Taken together, our results suggest that early-life intervention with FMT-CS could promote the development of innate and adaptive immune system and vaccine efficacy, and subsequently alleviate weaning stress through promoting the maturation of gut microbiota in piglets.

Maria Montessori and Neuroscience: The Trailblazing Insights of an Exceptional Mind

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 394-401
Author(s):  
Mara Fabri ◽  
Stefania Fortuna
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Neuropsychological Development ◽  
Maria Montessori ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Child Centered

This comment presents Maria Montessori (1870–1952) and highlights that her child-centered method of education is based on brilliant intuitions, which were confirmed by neuroscience research many decades later, such as the distinction of three critical periods in children’s psychobiological development; the importance of the environment in supporting cerebral development and in promoting learning, as well as of affective stimulation in psychological growth and maturation; the specific neural structure of humans that specifically enables the acquisition of a language; the vital role of fine object manipulation in neuropsychological development, and of the physical exercise in brain and nervous system development.

scholarly journals Diverticular Disease: a Gut Microbiota Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ticinesi ◽  
Antonio Nouvenne ◽  
Vincenzo Corrente ◽  
Claudio Tana ◽  
Francesco Di Mario ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Diverticular Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Abdominal Symptoms ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Gut microbiota composition and functionality are involved in the pathophysiology of several intestinal andextraintestinal diseases, and are increasingly considered a modulator of local and systemic inflammation.However, the involvement of gut microbiota in diverticulosis and in diverticular disease is still poorlyinvestigated. In this review, we critically analyze the existing evidence on the fecal and mucosa-associatedmicrobiota composition and functionality across different stages of diverticular disease. We also explorethe influence of risk factors for diverticulosis on gut microbiota composition, and speculate on the possiblerelevance of these associations for the pathogenesis of diverticula. We overview the current treatments ofdiverticular disease targeting the intestinal microbiome, highlighting the current areas of uncertainty andthe need for future studies. Although no conclusive remarks on the relationship between microbiota anddiverticular disease can be made, preliminary data suggest that abdominal symptoms are associated withreduced representation of taxa with a possible anti-inflammatory effect, such as Clostridium cluster IV, andovergrowth of Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia. The role of the microbiota in the earlystages of the disease is still very uncertain. Future studies should help to disentangle the role of the microbiomein the pathogenesis of diverticular disease and its progression towards more severe forms.

The role of serotonin in the immune system development and functioning during ontogenesis

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Mel’nikova ◽  
M. S. Isvol’skaya ◽  
S. N. Voronova ◽  
L. A. Zakharova
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Immune System Development
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