scholarly journals Interspike Interval Based Filtering of Directional Selective Retinal Ganglion Cells Spike Trains

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurel Vasile Martiniuc ◽  
Alois Knoll
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Response ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Information Rates ◽  
Grating Bars

The information regarding visual stimulus is encoded in spike trains at the output of retina by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Among these, the directional selective cells (DSRGC) are signaling the direction of stimulus motion. DSRGCs' spike trains show accentuated periods of short interspike intervals (ISIs) framed by periods of isolated spikes. Here we use two types of visual stimulus, white noise and drifting bars, and show that short ISI spikes of DSRGCs spike trains are more often correlated to their preferred stimulus feature (that is, the direction of stimulus motion) and carry more information than longer ISI spikes. Firstly, our results show that correlation between stimulus and recorded neuronal response is best at short ISI spiking activity and decrease as ISI becomes larger. We then used grating bars stimulus and found that as ISI becomes shorter the directional selectivity is better and information rates are higher. Interestingly, for the less encountered type of DSRGC, known as ON-DSRGC, short ISI distribution and information rates revealed consistent differences when compared with the other directional selective cell type, the ON-OFF DSRGC. However, these findings suggest that ISI-based temporal filtering integrates a mechanism for visual information processing at the output of retina toward higher stages within early visual system.

scholarly journals High resolution visual information via a gap junction-mediated spike order code

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudi Tong ◽  
Stuart Trenholm
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Firing Rate ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

AbstractGap junctions promote correlated spiking between coupled neurons. Recording from pairs of coupled retinal ganglion cells, we find that differences in firing rate between coupled neurons dictates which cell leads correlated spike-pairs, and that the precise temporal order of spike activity between pairs of cells changes depending on the spatial position of a visual stimulus. We thus demonstrate a spike order spatial code for encoding sensory information.

Decoding Visual Information From a Population of Retinal Ganglion Cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 2336-2350 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Warland ◽  
Pamela Reinagel ◽  
Markus Meister
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Linear Filter ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Response Type ◽  
Local Cluster

Warland, David K., Pamela Reinagel, and Markus Meister.Decoding visual information from a population of retinal ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2336–2350, 1997. This work investigates how a time-dependent visual stimulus is encoded by the collective activity of many retinal ganglion cells. Multiple ganglion cell spike trains were recorded simultaneously from the isolated retina of the tiger salamander using a multielectrode array. The stimulus consisted of photopic, spatially uniform, temporally broadband flicker. From the recorded spike trains, an estimate was obtained of the stimulus intensity as a function of time. This was compared with the actual stimulus to assess the quality and quantity of visual information conveyed by the ganglion cell population. Two algorithms were used to decode the spike trains: an optimized linear filter in which each action potential made an additive contribution to the stimulus estimate and an artificial neural network trained by back-propagation to match spike trains with stimuli. The two methods performed indistinguishably, suggesting that most of the information about this stimulus can be extracted by linear operations on the spike trains. Individual ganglion cells conveyed information at a rate of 3.2 ± 1.7 bits/s (mean ± SD), with an average information content per spike of 1.6 bits. The maximal possible rate of information transmission compatible with the measured spiking statistics was 13.9 ± 6.3 bits/s. On average, ganglion cells used 22% of this capacity to encode visual information. When a decoder received two spike trains of the same response type, the reconstruction improved only marginally over that obtained from a single cell. However, a decoder using an on and an off cell extracted as much information as the sum of that obtained from each cell alone. Thus cells of opposite response type encode different and nonoverlapping features of the stimulus. As more spike trains were provided to the decoder, the total information rate rapidly saturated, with 79% of the maximal value obtained from a local cluster of just four neurons of different functional types. The decoding filter applied to a given neuron's spikes within such a multiunit decoder differed substantially from the filter applied to that same neuron in a single-unit decoder. This shows that the optimal interpretation of a ganglion cell's action potential depends strongly on the simultaneous activity of other nearby cells. The quality of the stimulus reconstruction varied greatly with frequency: flicker components below 1 Hz and above 10 Hz were reconstructed poorly, and the performance was optimal near 2.5 Hz. Further analysis suggests that temporal encoding by ganglion cell spike trains is limited by slow phototransduction in the cone photoreceptors and a corrupting noise source proximal to the cones.

scholarly journals A method for single-neuron chronic recording from the retina in awake mice

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 360 (6396) ◽  
pp. 1447-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guosong Hong ◽  
Tian-Ming Fu ◽  
Mu Qiao ◽  
Robert D. Viveros ◽  
Xiao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Chronic Recording ◽  
The Brain

The retina, which processes visual information and sends it to the brain, is an excellent model for studying neural circuitry. It has been probed extensively ex vivo but has been refractory to chronic in vivo electrophysiology. We report a nonsurgical method to achieve chronically stable in vivo recordings from single retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in awake mice. We developed a noncoaxial intravitreal injection scheme in which injected mesh electronics unrolls inside the eye and conformally coats the highly curved retina without compromising normal eye functions. The method allows 16-channel recordings from multiple types of RGCs with stable responses to visual stimuli for at least 2 weeks, and reveals circadian rhythms in RGC responses over multiple day/night cycles.

The Biomechanical Response of Normal and Glaucoma Human Sclera

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baptiste Coudrillier ◽  
Kristin M. Myers ◽  
Thao D. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Biomechanical Response ◽  
Elevated Intraocular Pressure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

By 2010, 60 million people will have glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide [1]. The disease is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), a type of neuron that transmits visual information to the brain. It is well know that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor in the damage to the RGCs [3–5], but the relationship between the mechanical properties of the ocular connective tissue and how it affects cellular function is not well characterized. The cornea and the sclera are collage-rich structures that comprise the outer load-bearing shell of the eye. Their preferentially aligned collagen lamellae provide mechanical strength to resist ocular expansion. Previous uniaxial tension studies suggest that altered viscoelastic material properties of the eye wall play a role in glaucomatous damage [6].

Next-Generation Techniques for Analysis of Lamina Cribrosa Microstructure

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ross Ethier ◽  
Richie Abel ◽  
E. A. Sander ◽  
John G. Flanagan ◽  
Michael Girard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Lamina Cribrosa ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Ocular Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Glaucoma describes a group of potentially blinding ocular disorders, afflicting c. 60 million people worldwide. Of these, c. 8 million are bilaterally blind, estimated to increase to 11 million by 2020. The central event in glaucoma is slow and irreversible damage of retinal ganglion cells, responsible for carrying visual information from the retina to the brain (Figure 1). Intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor for glaucoma1–4, and significant, sustained IOP reduction is unequivocally beneficial in the clinical management of glaucoma patients2, 3, 5. Unfortunately, we do not understand how elevated IOP leads to the loss of retinal ganglion cells.

scholarly journals Molecular codes for cell type specification in Brn3 retinal ganglion cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (20) ◽  
pp. E3974-E3983 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szilard Sajgo ◽  
Miruna Georgiana Ghinia ◽  
Matthew Brooks ◽  
Friedrich Kretschmer ◽  
Katherine Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Morphology ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Type Specification ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Combinatorial Code

Visual information is conveyed from the eye to the brain by distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). It is largely unknown how RGCs acquire their defining morphological and physiological features and connect to upstream and downstream synaptic partners. The three Brn3/Pou4f transcription factors (TFs) participate in a combinatorial code for RGC type specification, but their exact molecular roles are still unclear. We use deep sequencing to define (i) transcriptomes of Brn3a- and/or Brn3b-positive RGCs, (ii) Brn3a- and/or Brn3b-dependent RGC transcripts, and (iii) transcriptomes of retinorecipient areas of the brain at developmental stages relevant for axon guidance, dendrite formation, and synaptogenesis. We reveal a combinatorial code of TFs, cell surface molecules, and determinants of neuronal morphology that is differentially expressed in specific RGC populations and selectively regulated by Brn3a and/or Brn3b. This comprehensive molecular code provides a basis for understanding neuronal cell type specification in RGCs.

scholarly journals Effects of Iron and Zinc on Mitochondria: Potential Mechanisms of Glaucomatous Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Tang ◽  
Yehong Zhuo ◽  
Yiqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Current View ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Mitochondrial Homeostasis ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
The Brain

Glaucoma is the most substantial cause of irreversible blinding, which is accompanied by progressive retinal ganglion cell damage. Retinal ganglion cells are energy-intensive neurons that connect the brain and retina, and depend on mitochondrial homeostasis to transduce visual information through the brain. As cofactors that regulate many metabolic signals, iron and zinc have attracted increasing attention in studies on neurons and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize the research connecting iron, zinc, neuronal mitochondria, and glaucomatous injury, with the aim of updating and expanding the current view of how retinal ganglion cells degenerate in glaucoma, which can reveal novel potential targets for neuroprotection.

scholarly journals Speed-Selectivity in Retinal Ganglion Cells is Modulated by the Complexity of the Visual Stimulus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
César R Ravello ◽  
Laurent U Perrinet ◽  
María-José Escobar ◽  
Adrián G Palacios
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Motion Detection ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Natural Images ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
Different Populations

ABSTRACTMotion detection represents one of the critical tasks of the visual system and has motivated a large body of research. However, is remain unclear precisely why the response of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to simple artificial stimuli does not predict their response to complex naturalistic stimuli. To explore this topic, we use Motion Clouds (MC), which are synthetic textures that preserve properties of natural images and are merely parameterized, in particular by modulating the spatiotemporal spectrum complexity of the stimulus by adjusting the frequency bandwidths. By stimulating the retina of the diurnal rodent,Octodon deguswith MC we show that the RGCs respond to increasingly complex stimuli by narrowing their adjustment curves in response to movement. At the level of the population, complex stimuli produce a sparser code while preserving movement information; therefore, the stimuli are encoded more efficiently. Interestingly, these properties were observed throughout different populations of RGCs. Thus, our results reveal that the response at the level of RGCs is modulated by the naturalness of the stimulus - in particular for motion - which suggests that the tuning to the statistics of natural images already emerges at the level of the retina.

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