scholarly journals Is the Macronutrient Intake of Formula-Fed Infants Greater Than Breast-Fed Infants in Early Infancy?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelly N. Hester ◽  
Deborah S. Hustead ◽  
Amy D. Mackey ◽  
Atul Singhal ◽  
Barbara J. Marriage
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

Faster weight gain early in infancy may contribute to a greater risk of later obesity in formula-fed compared to breast-fed infants. One potential explanation for the difference in weight gain is higher macronutrient intake in formula-fed infants during the first weeks of life. A systematic review was conducted using Medline to assess the macronutrient and energy content plus volume of intake in breast-fed and formula-fed infants in early infancy. All studies from healthy, term, singleton infants reporting values for the composition of breast milk during the first month of life were included. The energy content of colostrum (mean, SEM:53.6±2.5 kcal/100 mL), transitional milk (57.7±4.2 kcal/100 mL), and mature milk (65.2±1.1 kcal/100 mL) was lower than conventional infant formula (67 kcal/100 mL) on all days analyzed. The protein concentration of colostrum (2.5±0.2 g/100 mL) and transitional milk (1.7±0.1 g/100 mL) was higher than formula (1.4 g/100 mL), while the protein content of mature milk (1.3±0.1 g/100 mL) was slightly lower. Formula-fed infants consume a higher volume and more energy dense milk in early life leading to faster growth which could potentially program a greater risk of long-term obesity.

scholarly journals Change in Body Weight and Long-Term Risk of Stroke and Death in Healthy Men

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1435-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Prestgaard ◽  
Julian Mariampillai ◽  
Kristian Engeseth ◽  
Jan Erikssen ◽  
Johan Bodegård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Measured Weight ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

Background and Purpose— The importance of weight change for the risk of stroke is not well known. We examined the associations between early- and mid-life weight change and risks of stroke and death during long-term follow-up of healthy men. Methods— We recruited healthy men aged between 40 and 59 years and performed a cardiovascular examination at baseline and again at 7 years. We collected data on weight change since the age of 25 (early-life weight change) and measured weight change from baseline to the visit at 7 years (mid-life weight change). For both weight change periods, participants were divided into the following categories: weight loss, weight gain 0 to 4.9 kg, weight gain 5 to 9.9 kg, and weight gain ≥10 kg. Data on stroke and death were collected up to 35 years, from study visits, hospital records, and the National Cause of Death Registry. We used Cox regression to analyze the associations between weight change during early-life and mid-life and risks of stroke and death. Results— Of the 2014 participants, 2014 (100%) had data on early-life weight change and were followed for a median of 30.1 years, while 1403 had data on mid-life weight change and were followed for a median of 24.6 years. During early-life, compared with those who had weight gain 0 to 4.9 kg, hazard ratio for stroke was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.09–1.95) among those with weight gain 5 to 9.9 kg, 1.39 (95% CI, 1.03–1.87) for those with weight gain ≥10 kg, and 1.46 (95% CI, 0.99–2.11) among those with weight loss. For all-cause death, the hazard ratios were 1.08 (95% CI, 0.92–1.23), 1.14 (95% CI, 0.98–1.33), and 1.29 (95% CI, 1.06–1.56), respectively. During mid-life, there were no significant differences in risk of stroke or death between the groups. Conclusions— Weight increase during early-life, but not mid-life, seems to be associated with increased long-term risk of stroke in healthy men. If these findings can be confirmed, efforts to prevent weight increase should target the younger population.

scholarly journals Normal Growth of Healthy Infants Born from HIV+ Mothers Fed a Reduced Protein Infant Formula Containing the Prebiotics Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Fructo-Oligosaccharides: A Randomized Controlled Trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. CMPed.S17841
Author(s):  
Hugo Da Costa Ribeiro Júnior ◽  
Tereza Cristina Medrado Ribeiro ◽  
Angela Peixoto De Mattos ◽  
Mariana Pontes ◽  
Roseli Oselka Saccardo Sarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Formula Group ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

Objective The aim of the current study was to evaluate the safety of a new reduced protein (2.1 g/100 kcal) infant formula containing 4 g/L of 90% galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and 10% fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Methods Healthy term infants from Brazil were enrolled. Those born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive mothers were randomized to a test ( n = 65) or control ( n = 63) formula group. Infants born to HIV-negative mothers were either exclusively breast-fed ( n = 79) or received a mixed diet (breast milk and test formula, n = 65). Between 2 weeks and 4 months of age, infants were exclusively fed according to their assigned group. Anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months. Digestive tolerance was evaluated during the first 4 months. The primary outcome was mean daily weight gain between 2 weeks and 4 months in the test formula and breast-fed groups. Results Data from all infants ( N = 272) were used in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and data from 230 infants were used in the per-protocol (PP) analysis. The difference in mean daily weight gain between 2 weeks and 4 months in the test formula and breast-fed groups was 1.257 g/day (onesided 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.705 to inf, P < 0.001) in the PP analysis, showing that the lower bound of the 95% CI was above the -3.0 g/day non-inferiority margin. Results were similar in the ITT analysis. Symptoms of digestive tolerance and frequency of adverse events were similar in the two groups. Conclusions The formula containing 2.1 g/100 kcal protein and GOS and FOS was safe and tolerated well.

Differences of energy expenditure while sitting versus standing: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzane Saeidifard ◽  
Jose R Medina-Inojosa ◽  
Marta Supervia ◽  
Thomas P Olson ◽  
Virend K Somers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Ovid Medline ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences

Background Replacing sitting with standing is one of several recommendations to decrease sedentary time and increase the daily energy expenditure, but the difference in energy expenditure between standing versus sitting has been controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine this difference. Designs and methods We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar for observational and experimental studies that compared the energy expenditure of standing versus sitting. We calculated mean differences and 95% confidence intervals using a random effects model. We conducted different predefined subgroup analyses based on characteristics of participants and study design. Results We identified 658 studies and included 46 studies with 1184 participants for the final analysis. The mean difference in energy expenditure between sitting and standing was 0.15 kcal/min (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.12–0.17). The difference among women was 0.1 kcal/min (95% CI 0.0–0.21), and was 0.19 kcal/min (95% CI 0.05–0.33) in men. Observational studies had a lower difference in energy expenditure (0.11 kcal/min, 95% CI 0.08–0.14) compared to randomised trials (0.2 kcal/min, 95% CI 0.12–0.28). By substituting sitting with standing for 6 hours/day, a 65 kg person will expend an additional 54 kcal/day. Assuming no increase in energy intake, this difference in energy expenditure would be translated into the energy content of about 2.5 kg of body fat mass in 1 year. Conclusions The substitution of sitting with standing could be a potential solution for a sedentary lifestyle to prevent weight gain in the long term. Future studies should aim to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of this strategy.

scholarly journals Energy content and amino acid digestibility of extruded and dehulled-extruded corn by pigs and its effect on the performance of weaned pigs

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Liu ◽  
J.J. Zang ◽  
L. Liu ◽  
N.W. Jaworski ◽  
Z.J. Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
The Difference

Three experiments were conducted to compare raw corn, extruded corn, and dehulled-extruded corn in piglets&rsquo; feeding. In Experiment (Exp.) 1, 8 barrows (19.9 &plusmn; 0.6 kg) were fed experimental diets containing one out of three corn samples and a rice-soybean meal basal diet in a double 4 &times; 4 Latin square design to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in the corn samples using the difference method. The DE content in extruded (14.29 MJ/kg) and dehulled-extruded (14.42 MJ/kg) corn was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in raw corn (13.57 MJ/kg). In Exp. 2, 5 barrows (26.2 &plusmn; 1.3 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and used in a 5 &times; 5 Latin square design to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA). The diets comprised the basal diet, the three corn diets from Exp. 1, as well as a nitrogen-free diet to estimate basal endogenous losses of AA. The AID and SID of isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine, and valine in dehulled-extruded corn was lower (P &lt; 0.05) than in raw or extruded corn. In Exp. 3, 108 weaned 35&nbsp;days old piglets (8.4 &plusmn; 1.2 kg) were allotted to one of the three diets based on corn type. Weaned pigs fed diets containing extruded or dehulled-extruded corn exhibited reduced (P &lt; 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than pigs fed diets containing raw corn. The diet containing dehulled-extruded corn resulted in a higher incidence of diarrhoea. In summary, extrusion of corn did not result in improvements in digestibility and dehulling corn prior to extrusion appeared to result in heat damage which reduced ileal digestibility of AA. Substitution of raw corn with extruded or dehulled-extruded corn in starter diets formulated to equal quantities of ME and SID AA content did not improve the performance of weaned pigs. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Early nutrition programming of long-term health

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berthold Koletzko ◽  
Brigitte Brands ◽  
Lucilla Poston ◽  
Keith Godfrey ◽  
Hans Demmelmair
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
Increased Risk

Increasing evidence from the EU Project EARNEST and many other investigators demonstrates that early nutrition and lifestyle have long-term effects on later health and the risk of common non-communicable diseases (known as ‘developmental programming’). Because of the increasing public health importance and the transgenerational nature of the problem, obesity and associated disorders are the focus of the new EU funded project ‘EarlyNutrition’. Currently, three key hypotheses have been defined: the fuel mediated ‘in utero’ hypothesis suggests that intrauterine exposure to an excess of fuels, most notably glucose, causes permanent changes of the fetus that lead to obesity in postnatal life; the accelerated postnatal weight gain hypothesis proposes an association between rapid weight gain in infancy and an increased risk of later obesity and adverse outcomes; and the mismatch hypothesis suggests that experiencing a developmental ‘mismatch’ between a sub-optimal perinatal and an obesogenic childhood environment is related to a particular predisposition to obesity and corresponding co-morbidities. Using existing cohort studies, ongoing and novel intervention studies and a basic science programme to investigate those key hypotheses, project EarlyNutrition will provide the scientific foundations for evidence-based recommendations for optimal nutrition considering long-term health outcomes, with a focus on obesity and related disorders. Scientific and technical expertise in placental biology, epigenetics and metabolomics will provide understanding at the cellular and molecular level of the relationships between early life nutritional status and the risk of later adiposity. This will help refine strategies for intervention in early life to prevent obesity.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Fish Oil and Olanzapine Effects on Gut Microbiota in Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Mostafa M. Abbas ◽  
Paul Soto ◽  
Latha Ramalingam ◽  
Yasser El-Manzalawy ◽  
Halima Bensmail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Lps Binding

Children are prescribed second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) medications, such as olanzapine (OLZ) for FDA-approved and “off-label” indications. The long-term impact of early-life SGA medication exposure is unclear. Olanzapine and other SGA medications are known to cause excessive weight gain in young and adult patients, suggesting the possibility of long-term complications associated with the use of these drugs, such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Further, the weight gain effects of OLZ have previously been shown to depend on the presence of gut bacteria and treatment with OLZ, which shifts gut bacteria toward an “obesogenic” profile. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate changes in gut bacteria in adult mice following early life treatment with OLZ and being fed either a high-fat diet or a high-fat diet supplemented with fish oil, which has previously been shown to counteract gut dysbiosis, weight gain, and inflammation produced by a high-fat diet. Female and male C57Bl/6J mice were fed a high fat diet without (HF) or with the supplementation of fish oil (HF-FO) and treated with OLZ from postnatal day (PND) 37–65 resulting in four groups of mice: mice fed a HF diet and treated with OLZ (HF-OLZ), mice fed a HF diet and treated with vehicle (HF), mice fed a HF-FO diet and treated with OLZ (HF-FO-OLZ), and mice fed a HF-FO diet and treated with vehicle (HF-FO). Following euthanasia at approximately 164 days of age, we determined changes in gut bacteria populations and serum LPS binding protein, an established marker of gut inflammation and dysbiosis. Our results showed that male HF-FO and HF-FO-OLZ mice had lower body weights, at sacrifice, compared to the HF group, with a comparable body weight across groups in female mice. HF-FO and HF-FO-OLZ male groups also exhibited lower serum LPS binding protein levels compared to the HF group, with no differences across groups in female mice. Gut microbiota profiles were also different among the four groups; the Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes (B/F) ratio had the lowest value of 0.51 in the HF group compared to 0.6 in HF-OLZ, 0.9 in HF-FO, and 1.1 in HF-FO-OLZ, with no differences in female mice. In conclusion, FO reduced dietary obesity and its associated inflammation and increased the B/F ratio in male mice but did not benefit the female mice. Although the weight lowering effects of OLZ were unexpected, FO effects persisted in the presence of olanzapine, demonstrating its potential protective effects in male subjects using antipsychotic drugs.

A Problem of Long - Term Digital Preservation: Difference in Humanities and Natural Sciences

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Elena Macevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Digital Documents ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Technological Science

The article deals with the requirements and needs for long-term digital preservation in different areas of scholarly work. The concept of long-term digital preservation is introduced by comparing it to digitization and archiving concepts and defined with the emphasis on dynamic activity within a certain time line. The structure of digital preservation is presented with regard to the elements of the activity as understood in Activity Theory. The life-cycle of digitization processes forms the basis of the main processing of preserved data in preservation archival system.The author draws on the differences between humanities and social sciences on one hand and natural and technological science on the other. The empirical data characterizing the needs for digital preservation within different areas of scholarship are presented and show the difference in approaches to long-term digital preservation, as well as differences in selecting the items and implementing the projects of digital preservation. Institutions and organizations can also develop different understanding of preservation requirements for digital documents and other objects.The final part of the paper is devoted to some general problems pertaining to the longterm digital preservation with the emphasis of the responsibility for the whole process of safe-guarding the cultural and scholarly heritage for the re-use of the posterior generations. It is suggested that the longevity of the libraries in comparison with much shorter life-span of private companies strengthens the claim of memory institutions to playing the central role in the long-term digital preservation.

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