scholarly journals The Impact of Variation in Foliar Constituents of Sunflower on Development and Reproduction ofDiacrisia casignetumKollar (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayan Roy ◽  
Anandamay Barik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Total Carbohydrates ◽  
The Impact

Effects of feeding on young, mature, and senescent sunflower leaves were studied under laboratory conditions (27±0.5°C, 12L : 12D,65±5% RH) to evaluate the impact of variation of nutrients on larval food utilization efficiency, larval and pupal development and survival, longevity, and fecundity ofDiacrisia casignetumKollar. The growth rate, which is the ratio between the dry weight gain of insect and duration of experimental period, ofD. casignetumwas in the order of mature leaf > young leaf > senescent leaf of sunflower. This was correlated with nutrient constituents of three kinds of sunflower leaves, which was measured by various biochemical analyses described elsewhere in the text. Total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nitrogen, amino acids, and water content are in greater amount in mature leaves when compared to young and senescent leaves, whereas phenol content was highest in young leaves than mature leaves. Hence, higher amount of total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nitrogen, amino acids including water and lower amount of total phenol content in mature leaves have influenced higher growth rate, less developmental time, and higher fecundity ofD. casignetum.

Does long-distance GABA signaling via the phloem really occur?

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 897-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry J. Shelp
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Nonprotein Amino Acid ◽  
Wound Signal ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aphid Stylectomy

The ubiquitous nonprotein amino acid known as γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) has been proposed as a mechanism whereby environmental and developmental cues are translocated in phloem. Information about the composition of translocation fluids from various species that bleed spontaneously reveals that GABA is always present in xylem at minor levels, but sometimes absent in phloem. In species that do not bleed spontaneously, GABA is also absent or present at minor levels in aphid stylet exudate. By contrast, GABA in ethylenediaminetetraacetate-facilitated phloem exudates is relatively abundant compared to other amino acids or the concentration of total amino acids present in xylem. Evidence indicates that xylem-borne GABA is primarily retrieved and metabolized by mature leaves, and tissue pools of GABA reflect in situ biosynthesis. Recovery of significant GABA from phloem might be an artifact of wounding and the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Scarce data from aphid stylectomy experiments indicates that GABA is a wound signal. However, the composition of phloem sap collected by this method is not uniform, shedding doubt on some results in the scientific literature. Elevated GABA levels in the host plant are known to influence the success of biotic interactions; however, these outcomes could be attributed to the impact of wounding at local sites, rather than delivery of GABA via phloem. Further research is required to provide unambiguous support for long-distance γ-aminobutyrate signaling in phloem.

scholarly journals Importance of pfkA for Rapid Growth ofEnterobacter cloacae during Colonization of Crop Seeds

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Roberts ◽  
P. D. Dery ◽  
I. Yucel ◽  
J. S. Buyer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Transposon Insertion ◽  
Carbon Compounds ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Enterobacter cloacae A-11 is a prototrophic, glycolytic mutant of strain 501R3 with a single transposon insertion inpfkA. The populations of strain A-11 on cucumber and radish seeds were smaller than the populations of strain 501R3 in natural soil, but the populations of these two strains on pea, soybean, sunflower, and sweet corn seeds were similar (D. P. Roberts, P. D. Dery, I. Yucel, J. Buyer, M. A. Holtman, and D. Y. Kobayashi, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2513–2519, 1999). The net effect of the mutation in pfkA in vitro was a shift from rapid growth on certain carbohydrates detected in seed exudates to much slower growth on other carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids. The impact of the mutation in pfkA was greatest on the growth rate of E. cloacae on the seeds that released the smallest quantities of fructose, other carbohydrates, and amino acids. Corn, pea, soybean, and sunflower seeds released total amounts of carbohydrates and amino acids at rates that were approximately 10- to 100-fold greater than the rates observed with cucumber and radish seeds for the first 24 h after inhibition began. The growth rate of strain A-11 was significantly less (50% less) than the growth rate of strain 501R3 on radish seeds, and the growth rate of strain A-11 was too low to estimate on cucumber seeds in sterile sand for the first 24 h after inhibition began. The growth rate of strain A-11 was also significantly lower on soybean seeds, but it was only 17% lower than the growth rate of strain 501R3. The growth rates of strains 501R3 and A-11 were similar on pea, sunflower, and corn seeds in sterile sand for the first 30 h after imbibition began. Large reductions in the growth rates of strain A-11 on seeds were correlated with subsequent decreased levels of colonization of seeds compared to the levels of colonization of strain 501R3. The strain A-11 populations were significantly smaller than the strain 501R3 populations only on radish and cucumber seeds. The mutation in pfkA appears to decrease the level of colonization by E. cloacae for seeds that release small quantities of reduced carbon compounds by decreasing the size of the pool of compounds that support rapid growth by this bacterium.

scholarly journals Sustainable Management of Fruit Growing in Rural Areas of Montenegro: The Impact of Location on the Phenological and Nutritional Properties on Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1663
Author(s):  
Dejan Zejak ◽  
Ivan Glisic ◽  
Velibor Spalevic ◽  
Pavle Maskovic ◽  
Branislav Dudic
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
The Impact

The physical-geographical features of the mountainous area of Montenegro cause difficulties in farmers’ life and work. The organization of the agricultural production faces a number of problems that limit the overall development of rural areas. Some agricultural crops, such as raspberry, have found optimal growth conditions and produce appropriate yields associated with good fruit quality in such mountainous area. The Willamette variety dominates the production and has broadly expanded, as some new varieties, most notably, Tulameen, Fertȍdi Zamatos, and Glen Ample. The aim of this paper was to examine the biological and production characteristics of two raspberry varieties—one floricane (Tulameen) and one primocane (Polka)—grown in two localities. We confirmed the general rule that at lower altitudes, these varieties (570 m a.s.l, Bijelo Polje) are characterized by earlier vegetation, flowering, and fruit ripening in comparison to plants at higher altitude (1040 m a.s.l, Mojkovac). The Tulameen variety started flowering on 15 May in Bijelo Polje (the flowering phenophase lasted for 29 days, until 12 June) and on 25 May in Mojkovac (the flowering phenophase lasted for 27 days, until 20 June). That is a delay of 11 days in relation to different locations. The Polka variety started flowering on 25 June in Bijelo Polje (57 days, until 20 August) and on 1 July in Mojkovac (flowering for 67 days, until 5 September). That is a delay of 7 days. The Tulameen variety started maturation on 14 June in Bijelo Polje (maturation lasted for 27 days, until 10 July) and on 22 June in Mojkovac (26 days, until 17 July), with a delay of 9 days. The Polka variety started maturation on 23 July in Bijelo Polje (the maturation phenophase lasted for 55 days, until 15 September) and on 5 August in Mojkovac (52 days, until 25 September), with a delay of 14 days. The results showed that the Polka variety had significantly higher total phenol content than the Tulameen variety (4.43 and 4.03 mg, respectively). In terms of locality, the Mojkovac raspberries had higher total phenol content than the Bijelo Polje raspberries. Polka raspberries also had a higher content of total flavonoids than Tulameen, whereas differences between localities in regard to the content of total flavonoids in the fruit were not significant. The content of condensed tannins and gallotannins in the raspberry fruit was similar in relation to both varieties and localities. Finally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the Polka compared to the Tulameen variety, whereas the differences between localities were not statistically significant.

Quantitative analysis of methionine and cysteine requirements for wool production of sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Liu ◽  
D. G. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Wool Growth

AbstractThe conventional system of estimating metabolizable protein requirement is unsuitable for defining amino acid requirements because nitrogen loss cannot be converted to amino acid loss, and because there is a lack of data on the utilization efficiencies of individual amino acids for various productive purposes. Therefore, we are proposing an alternative approach. In this review, we use methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) for wool production in sheep as examples, and define requirement as retention in both body and wool protein, plus the amount of obligatory oxidation that accompanies the retention. The requirements are expressed in terms of the net absorption. Mathematical models for the calculation of the requirements of both amino acids are established based on the level of absorption, endogenous contribution from body protein breakdown, oxidation rates and the amino acid composition of body and wool proteins. The flows and oxidation of Met and Cys, and Cys synthesis de novo as well are quantified using their plasma kinetics data. Wool growth rate is predicted from the amount of the amino acid available for protein retention and the partition ratio to wool growth. The estimated requirements for Met and Cys absorption for Merino sheep at maintenance are 0·45 to 0·75 g/day and 0·52 to 0·63 g/day depending on the live weight of the sheep. When wool growth rate increases to 10 g/day, the requirements increase to 0·91 to 1·24 g/day and 1·97 to 2·02 g/day respectively. The utilization efficiency for protein retention varies with the level of absorption, and is 0·02 to 0·55 for Met, and 0·09 to 0·55 for Cys. The model shows that wool growth rate is restricted by the lack of Cys supplied in conventional diets and is very sensitive to changes in oxidation of the amino acids.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

International trade: Research of the reasons for the fall

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Nazarov ◽  
S. S. Lazaryan ◽  
I. V. Nikonov ◽  
A. I. Votinov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Negative Contribution ◽  
Basic Commodity ◽  
The Impact

The article assesses the impact of various factors on the growth rate of international trade. Many experts interpreted the cross-border flows of goods decline against the backdrop of a growing global economy as an alarming sign that indicates a slowdown in the processes of globalization. To determine the reasons for the dynamics of international trade, the decompositions of its growth rate were carried out and allowed to single out the effect of the dollar exchange rate, the commodities prices and global value chains on the change in the volume of trade. As a result, it was discovered that the most part of the dynamics of international trade is due to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar and prices for basic commodity groups. The negative contribution of trade within global value chains in 2014 was also revealed. During the investigated period (2000—2014), such a picture was observed only in the crisis periods, which may indicate the beginning of structural changes in the world trade.

Turmeric and cinnamon dominate in antioxidant potential among four major spices

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Saranya ◽  
T Sulfikarali ◽  
S Chindhu ◽  
A M Muneeb ◽  
N K Leela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Total Phenol Content ◽  
Power Method ◽  
Phenol Content ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Synthetic Antioxidant

Antioxidant activity of sequential extracts of black pepper, ginger, turmeric and cinnamon was determined by DPPH assay, phosphomolybdate method and ferric reducing power method and compared with that of the synthetic antioxidant BHA. The results revealed that methanol extract of cinnamon has highest antioxidant potential followed by chloroform extract of turmeric. The antioxidant potential was also correlated with total phenol content.  

Chemical Composition and Metal Speciation in Porewaters from the Upper Qu’Appelle River Basin, Saskatchewan

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Farrell ◽  
Jae E. Yang ◽  
P. Ming Huang ◽  
Wen K. Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Trace Metal ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Metal Concentrations ◽  
Carbonate Equilibria ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porewater samples from the upper Qu’Appelle River basin in Saskatchewan, Canada, were analyzed to obtain metal, inorganic ligand and amino add profiles. These data were used to compute the aqueous speciation of the metals in each porewater using the computer program GEOCHEM-PC. The porewaters were classified as slightly to moderately saline. Metal concentrations reflected both the geology of the drainage basin and the impact of anthropogenic activities. Whereas K and Na were present almost entirely as the free aquo ions, carbonate equilibria dominated the speciation of Ca. Mg and Mn (the predominant metal ligand species were of the type MCO3 (s). MCO30. and MHCO3+). Trace metal concentrations were generally within the ranges reported for non-polluted freshwater systems. Whereas the speciation of the trace metals Cr(III) and Co(II) was dominated by carbonate equilibria, Hg(II)-, Zn(II)- and Fe(II)-speciation was dominated by hydroxy-metal complexes of the type M(OH)+ and M(OH)2°. The speciation of Fe(III) was dominated by Fe(OH)3 (s). In porewaters with high chloride concentrations (> 2 mM), however, significant amounts of Hg(II) were bound as HgCl20 and HgClOH0. The aqueous speciation of Al was dominated by Al(OH)4− and Al2Si2O4(OH)6 (s). Total concentrations of dissolved free amino acids varied from 15.21 to 25.17 umole L−1. The most important metal scavenging amino acids were histidine (due to high stability constants for the metal-histidine complexes) and tryptophan (due to its relatively high concentration in the porewaters. i.e., 5.96 to 7.73 umole L−1). Secondary concentrations of various trace metal-amino add complexes were computed for all the porewaters, but metal-amino acid complexes dominated the speciation of Cu(II) in all the porewaters and Ni(II) in two of the porewaters.

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