scholarly journals Pathogenicity ofTrichobilharziaspp. for Vertebrates

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lichtenbergová Lucie ◽  
Horák Petr
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Cercarial Dermatitis ◽  
Late Phase Reaction ◽  
Causative Agents

Bird schistosomes, besides being responsible for bird schistosomiasis, are known as causative agents of cercarial dermatitis. Cercarial dermatitis develops after repeated contact with cercariae, mainly of the genusTrichobilharzia, and was described as a type I, immediate hypersensitivity response, followed by a late phase reaction. The immune response is Th2 polarized. Primary infection leads to an inflammatory reaction that is insufficient to eliminate the schistosomes and schistosomula may continue its migration through the body of avian as well as mammalian hosts. However, reinfections of experimental mice revealed an immune reaction leading to destruction of the majority of schistosomula in the skin. Infection with the nasal schistosomeTrichobilharzia regentiprobably represents a higher health risk than infections with visceral schistosomes. After the skin penetration by the cercariae, parasites migrate via the peripheral nerves, spinal cord to the brain, and terminate their life cycle in the nasal mucosa of waterfowl where they lay eggs.T. regentican also get over skin barrier and migrate to CNS of experimental mice. During heavy infections, neuroinfections of both birds and mammals lead to the development of a cellular immune response and axonal damage in the vicinity of the schistosomulum. Such infections are manifest by neuromotor disorders.

Modulation of the type I hypersensitivity late phase reaction to OVA by Propionibacterium acnes-soluble polysaccharide

2008 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Cristina Squaiella ◽  
Ana Leda Figueiredo Longhini ◽  
Eleni Gonçalves Braga ◽  
Juliana Sekeres Mussalem ◽  
Renata Zeigler Ananias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Type I ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Late Phase Reaction ◽  
Soluble Polysaccharide ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

scholarly journals A Trifecta of New Insights into Ovine Footrot for Infection Drivers, Immune Response and Host Pathogen Interactions.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Blanchard ◽  
Ceri E. Staley ◽  
Laurence Shaw ◽  
Sean R Wattegedera ◽  
Christina-Marie Baumbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Type I Collagen ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Skin Barrier Function ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bacterial Populations

Footrot is a polymicrobial infectious disease in sheep causing severe lameness, leading to one of the industry’s biggest welfare problems. The complex aetiology of footrot makes in-situ or in-vitro investigations difficult. Computational methods offer a solution to understanding the bacteria involved, how they may interact with the host and ultimately providing a way to identify targets for future hypotheses driven investigative work. Here we present the first combined global analysis of the bacterial community transcripts together with the host immune response in healthy and diseased ovine feet during a natural polymicrobial infection state using metatranscriptomics. The intra tissue and surface bacterial populations and the most abundant bacterial transcriptome were analysed, demonstrating footrot affected skin has a reduced diversity and increased abundances of, not only the causative bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus , but other species such as Mycoplasma fermentans and Porphyromonas asaccharolytica . Host transcriptomics reveals a suppression of biological processes relating to skin barrier function, vascular functions, and immunosurveillance in unhealthy interdigital skin, supported by histological findings that type I collagen (associated with scar tissue formation) is significantly increased in footrot affected interdigital skin comparted to outwardly healthy skin. Finally, we provide some interesting indications of host and pathogen interactions associated with virulence genes and the host spliceosome which could lead to the identification of future therapeutic targets. Impact Statement Lameness in sheep is a global welfare and economic concern and footrot is the leading cause of lameness, affecting up to 70% of flocks in the U.K. Current methods for control of this disease are labour intensive and account for approximately 65% of antibiotic use in sheep farming, whilst preventative vaccines suffer from poor efficacy due to antigen competition. Our limited understanding of cofounders, such as strain variation and polymicrobial nature of infection mean new efficacious, affordable and scalable control measures are not receiving much attention. Here we examine the surface and intracellular bacterial populations and propose potential interactions with the host. Identification of these key bacterial species involved in the initiation and progression of disease and the host immune mechanisms could help form the basis of new therapies.

Childhood Asthma: Overview

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 227-233
Author(s):  
M. J. Goldenhersh ◽  
Gary S. Rachelefsky
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Chronic Cough ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Recurrent Pneumonia ◽  
Late Phase Reaction ◽  
Airway Response ◽  
Trachea And Bronchi

DEFINITION Asthma is a syndrome characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to various stimuli and is manifested by widespread reversible narrowing of the airways that changes in severity either spontaneously or as a result of therapy.1 The hyperresponsiveness ("twitchiness") of airways is a fundamental abnormality and is dynamic in nature. Asthma is a disease of persistent or recurrent airway inflammation characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells (eosinophils and polymorphonuclear cells), edema of the wall, and changes in epithelial cells. Airway response to allergens and certain irritants may be acute (occurring within minutes to one hour following exposure), delayed or late (occurring within four to eight hours following exposure), or dual (combination of acute and late phase). Some reactions are only delayed. The late phase reaction is largely attributed to ongoing inflammation. Because of the variability of its presentation (complete v partial reversibility of airways obstruction, hyperreactivity accompanying other respiratory disease, chronic cough, or recurrent pneumonia with or without wheeze), children have often been denied appropriate antiasthmatic medications and their symptoms have been attributed instead to "wheezy bronchitis," "recurrent bronchiolitis," "spastic bronchitis," or "wheezy baby syndrome." For years pediatricians have been schooled to approach the wheezing child skeptically ("all that wheezes is not asthma").

scholarly journals IL-9+ IL-10+ T cells link immediate allergic response to late phase reaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-H. He ◽  
Z.-Q. Liu ◽  
X. Chen ◽  
C.-H. Song ◽  
L.-F. Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Allergic Response ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Late Phase Reaction

Eosinophil infiltration into human skin is antigen-dependent in the late-phase reaction

1996 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. LITCHFIELD ◽  
C.H. SMITH ◽  
B.A. ATKINSON ◽  
P.G. NORRIS ◽  
P. ELLIOTT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Eosinophil Infiltration ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Late Phase Reaction

scholarly journals A novel murine model of late-phase reaction of immediate hypersensitivity

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Facincone ◽  
A. L. Pereira De Siqueira ◽  
S. Jancar ◽  
M. Russo ◽  
J. A. Marzagão Barbuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Eosinophil Infiltration ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Immediate Hypersensitivity ◽  
Late Phase Reaction ◽  
Hen Egg White ◽  
Hen Egg

We describe here a novel experimental model of late-phase reaction of immediate hypersensitivity developed in mice. It consists of introducing small fragments of heat-coagulated hen egg white into the subcutaneous tissue of mice. After 14 days, animals challenged with purified ovalbumin into the footpad presented an immediate swelling of the paw peaking at 30 min, followed by two peaks of swelling at 6 and 24 h. Histological examination of the paws showed a massive eosinophil infiltration (more than 800 cells/5 microscopic fields). This intense infiltration persisted for more than 14 days after the challenge. Furthermore, in mice immunized with coagulated egg white the delayed swelling of the paws and eosinophilic infiltration were significantly higher than in mice immunized with the classical protocol of ovalbumin in alumen adjuvant. Transfer of lymph node cells obtained from mice implanted with heat-coagulated hen egg white induced footpad swelling and eosinophil infiltration in response to ovalbumin. High levels of ovalbuminspecific IgG1 but not of IgE were detected in the serum of these animals. The advantages of this model for the experimental study of late-phase reactionper seand its relevance to the study of allergic diseases such as asthma are discussed.

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