scholarly journals New Insights on the Inflammatory Role ofLutzomyia longipalpisSaliva in Leishmaniasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deboraci Brito Prates ◽  
Théo Araújo-Santos ◽  
Cláudia Brodskyn ◽  
Manoel Barral-Netto ◽  
Aldina Barral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Vector Insect ◽  
Insect Bites ◽  
Host Parasite

When an haematophagous sand fly vector insect bites a vertebrate host, it introduces its mouthparts into the skin and lacerates blood vessels, forming a hemorrhagic pool which constitutes an intricate environment of cell interactions. In this scenario, the initial performance of host, parasite, and vector “authors” will heavily influence the course ofLeishmaniainfection. Recent advances in vector-parasite-host interaction have elucidated “co-authors” and “new roles” not yet described. We review here the stimulatory role ofLutzomyia longipalpissaliva leading to inflammation and try to connect them in an early context ofLeishmaniainfection.

scholarly journals Studies on the Feeding Habits ofLutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis(Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Populations from Endemic Areas of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarete Martins dos Santos Afonso ◽  
Rosemere Duarte ◽  
José Carlos Miranda ◽  
Lindenbergh Caranha ◽  
Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Feeding Sources

The aim of this study was to identify potential blood feeding sources ofL. (L.) longipalpisspecimens from populations in Northeastern Brazil, endemic areas of American Visceral Leishmaniasis (AVL) and its correlation with the transmission ofL. (L.) i. chagasi. The ELISA technique was applied using bird, dog, goat, opossum, equine, feline, human, sheep, and rodent antisera to analyze 609 females, resulting in an overall positivity of 60%. In all municipalities, females showed higher positivity for bird followed by dog antiserum and sand fly specimens were also positive for equine, feline, human, sheep, goat, opossum, and rodent antisera. The finding for 17 combinations of two or three types of blood in some females corroborates the opportunistic habit of this sand fly species. The results demonstrating the association betweenL. (L.) longipalpisand opossum suggest the need for further evaluation of the real role of this synanthropic mammal in the eco-epidemiology of AVL.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Novel Mitovirus of the Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Using Genomic and Virus–Host Interaction Signatures

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Paula Fonseca ◽  
Flavia Ferreira ◽  
Felipe da Silva ◽  
Liliane Santana Oliveira ◽  
João Trindade Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Gene Coding ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fungal Viruses ◽  
Sirna Pathway

Hematophagous insects act as the major reservoirs of infectious agents due to their intimate contact with a large variety of vertebrate hosts. Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania chagasi in the New World, but its role as a host of viruses is poorly understood. In this work, Lu. longipalpis RNA libraries were subjected to progressive assembly using viral profile HMMs as seeds. A sequence phylogenetically related to fungal viruses of the genus Mitovirus was identified and this novel virus was named Lul-MV-1. The 2697-base genome presents a single gene coding for an RNA-directed RNA polymerase with an organellar genetic code. To determine the possible host of Lul-MV-1, we analyzed the molecular characteristics of the viral genome. Dinucleotide composition and codon usage showed profiles similar to mitochondrial DNA of invertebrate hosts. Also, the virus-derived small RNA profile was consistent with the activation of the siRNA pathway, with size distribution and 5′ base enrichment analogous to those observed in viruses of sand flies, reinforcing Lu. longipalpis as a putative host. Finally, RT-PCR of different insect pools and sequences of public Lu. longipalpis RNA libraries confirmed the high prevalence of Lul-MV-1. This is the first report of a mitovirus infecting an insect host.

scholarly journals The role of surface glycoconjugates in Leishmania midgut attachment examined by competitive binding assays and experimental development in sand flies

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIE JECNA ◽  
ANNA DOSTALOVA ◽  
RAY WILSON ◽  
VERONIKA SEBLOVA ◽  
KWANG-POO CHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Competitive Binding ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Binding Assays ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
Competitive Binding Assays

SUMMARYBinding of promastigotes to the sand fly midgut epithelium is regarded as an essential part of the Leishmania life cycle in the vector. Among Leishmania surface molecules putatively involved in attachment to the sand fly midgut, two GPI-anchored molecules are the most prominent: lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and promastigote surface protease gp63. In this work, we examined midgut attachment of Leishmania lines mutated in GPI-anchored molecules and compared results from 2 different techniques: in vivo development in sand flies and in vitro competitive binding assays using fluorescently labelled parasites. In combination with previous studies, our data provide additional support for (1) an LPG-independent parasite-binding mechanism of Leishmania major within the midgut of the permissive vector Phlebotomus perniciosus, and provide strong support for (2) the crucial role of L. major LPG in specific vector Phlebotomus papatasi, and (3) a role for Leishmania amazonensis gp63 in Lutzomyia longipalpis midgut binding. Moreover, our results suggest a critical role for GPI-anchored proteins and gp63 in Leishmania mexicana attachment to L. longipalpis midguts, as the wild type (WT) line accounted for over 99% of bound parasites.

scholarly journals Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 2948-2952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth F. Rangel ◽  
Maurício L. Vilela
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Domestic Environments ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
Vectorial Competence

The article discusses habits related to the vectorial competence of Lutzomyia longipalpis, along with evidence confirming the importance of this sand fly species in the epidemiological chain of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. A new epidemiological profile for visceral leishmaniasis is also postulated, associated with domestic environments and the role of Lu. longipalpis in this process, its sylvatic origin, and its capacity to adapt to a wide range of habitats. Another sand fly species, Lu. cruzi, is mentioned as a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in some municipalities in Central Brazil, based on studies in endemic areas of the country.

scholarly journals Lutzomyia longipalpis Antimicrobial Peptides: Differential Expression during Development and Potential Involvement in Vector Interaction with Microbiota and Leishmania

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1271
Author(s):  
Erich Loza Telleria ◽  
Bruno Tinoco-Nunes ◽  
Tereza Leštinová ◽  
Lívia Monteiro de Avellar ◽  
Antonio Jorge Tempone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Parasite Development ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Vector Interaction ◽  
Knockdown Effect

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are produced to control bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and other infectious agents. Sand fly larvae develop and feed on a microbe-rich substrate, and the hematophagous females are exposed to additional pathogens. We focused on understanding the role of the AMPs attacin (Att), cecropin (Cec), and four defensins (Def1, Def2, Def3, and Def4) in Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. Larvae and adults were collected under different feeding regimens, in addition to females artificially infected by Leishmania infantum. AMPs’ gene expression was assessed by qPCR, and gene function of Att and Def2 was investigated by gene silencing. The gene knockdown effect on bacteria and parasite abundance was evaluated by qPCR, and parasite development was verified by light microscopy. We demonstrate that L. longipalpis larvae and adults trigger AMPs expression during feeding, which corresponds to an abundant presence of bacteria. Att and Def2 expression were significantly increased in Leishmania-infected females, while Att suppression favored bacteria growth. In conclusion, L. longipalpis AMPs’ expression is tuned in response to bacteria and parasites but does not seem to interfere with the Leishmania cycle.

The molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in vascular homeostasis and disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (17) ◽  
pp. 2399-2418
Author(s):  
Yoshito Yamashiro ◽  
Hiromi Yanagisawa
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Cyclic Stretch ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli ◽  
Vascular Homeostasis ◽  
Matrix Cell

Abstract Blood vessels are constantly exposed to mechanical stimuli such as shear stress due to flow and pulsatile stretch. The extracellular matrix maintains the structural integrity of the vessel wall and coordinates with a dynamic mechanical environment to provide cues to initiate intracellular signaling pathway(s), thereby changing cellular behaviors and functions. However, the precise role of matrix–cell interactions involved in mechanotransduction during vascular homeostasis and disease development remains to be fully determined. In this review, we introduce hemodynamics forces in blood vessels and the initial sensors of mechanical stimuli, including cell–cell junctional molecules, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), multiple ion channels, and a variety of small GTPases. We then highlight the molecular mechanotransduction events in the vessel wall triggered by laminar shear stress (LSS) and disturbed shear stress (DSS) on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and cyclic stretch in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs)—both of which activate several key transcription factors. Finally, we provide a recent overview of matrix–cell interactions and mechanotransduction centered on fibronectin in ECs and thrombospondin-1 in SMCs. The results of this review suggest that abnormal mechanical cues or altered responses to mechanical stimuli in EC and SMCs serve as the molecular basis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and aortic aneurysms. Collecting evidence and advancing knowledge on the mechanotransduction in the vessel wall can lead to a new direction of therapeutic interventions for vascular diseases.

THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT WAYS OF NITRITE OXIDE GENERATION IN MAMMALIAN BLOOD VESSELS IN AGING

Tsitologiya ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Kuleva ◽  
◽  
D. A. Fedorov ◽  
I. E. Krasovskaya ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Nitrite Oxide ◽  
Mammalian Blood

Bioengineered in vitro Vascular Models for Applications in Interventional Radiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (45) ◽  
pp. 5367-5374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Li ◽  
Seyed M. Moosavi-Basri ◽  
Rahul Sheth ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Yu S. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Endovascular Interventions ◽  
Conventional Animal ◽  
Vascular Structures

The role of endovascular interventions has progressed rapidly over the past several decades. While animal models have long-served as the mainstay for the advancement of this field, the use of in vitro models has become increasingly widely adopted with recent advances in engineering technologies. Here, we review the strategies, mainly including bioprinting and microfabrication, which allow for fabrication of biomimetic vascular models that will potentially serve to supplement the conventional animal models for convenient investigations of endovascular interventions. Besides normal blood vessels, those in diseased states, such as thrombosis, may also be modeled by integrating cues that simulate the microenvironment of vascular disorders. These novel engineering strategies for the development of biomimetic in vitro vascular structures will possibly enable unconventional means of studying complex endovascular intervention problems that are otherwise hard to address using existing models.

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